Kurds in Istanbul
The total number of Kurds in Istanbul is estimated variously from 2 to 3 million [1].
Demographics
- Total population
In 1995, the Kurdish Human Rights Watch estimated that the Kurds in Istanbul numbered ca. 2 million.[2] In 1996, Servet Mutlu estimated that the Kurds were 8.16% (594,000) of Istanbul instead of the often stated 1.5 million.[3] In 1998, the German Foreign Ministry stated that there were 3 million Kurds in Istanbul.[3] American diplomat John Tirman estimated the Kurds in Istanbul to number 4 million people (1997).[4] According to another estimation, the Kurds in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and other big cities (not including those inside the "Kurdish provinces") constitute 35% of the total Turkish Kurd population.[5]
- Communities
- Karayollari, Kurdish majority[6]
- Gazi Mahallesi, mixed[6]
- Tarlabashi
- Fatih
History
The first Kurdish cultural and political associations were established in Istanbul.[7] During the reign of Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909) the Kurds began producing literature on the condition of the Kurds in Istanbul.[8] In 1918, Kurdish intellectuals established the Association for the Rise of the Kurds in Istanbul.[9] In March 1995 Kurdish riots broke out in Istanbul.[10]
Clashes between pro-Kurdish demonstrators and Turkish police have repeatedly taken place in Istanbul; such events occurred in 2011,[11] 2016,[12] and 2018.[13]
Political views
An estimated 3.9% of Istanbul residents consider themselves to be Kurdish; according to one poll, among this group 90% opposed the idea of Kurdish independence from Turkey, while according to another poll, only 9% of supported the HEP party.[14] On June 29, 2013, 10,000 protesters gathered at Taksim Square in solidarity with Kurds.[15] About 1,000 Kurdish activists from Istanbul went to Kobani after Abdullah Ocalan's call of mobilization (September 2014).[16]
Organizations
See also
References
- ^ Harvard Divinity School (2013). "Kurds in Turkey". Harvard University.
- ^ Mustafa Mohamed Karadaghi (1995). Handbook of Kurdish Human Rights Watch, Inc: A Non-profit Humanitarian Organization. UN.
- ^ a b Ferhad Ibrahim (2000). The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-3-8258-4744-9.
- ^ John Tirman (1997). Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-82726-1.
- ^ Lokman I. Meho (1 January 1997). The Kurds and Kurdistan: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography. ABC-CLIO. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-313-30397-5.
- ^ a b Zalewski, Piotr (9 January 2012). "Istanbul: Big Trouble in Little Kurdistan". Time.
- ^ Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Stefan Sperl (17 August 2005). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-1-134-90766-3.
- ^ Hakan Ozoglu (1 February 2012). Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. SUNY Press. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-7914-8556-9.
- ^ A Democratic Future for the Kurds of Turkey: Proceedings of the Conference on North West Kurdistan (South East Turkey), March 12-13, 1994, Brussels. medico international. 1995. ISBN 978-1-900175-01-2.
- ^ Robert W. Olson (1996). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 44–. ISBN 0-8131-0896-9.
- ^ Turkey police disperse pro-Kurdish protesters: Protest in Istanbul turns violent when riot police began using tear gas, Al Jazeera (June 26, 2011).
- ^ Turkey coup aftermath: Pro-Kurdish Istanbul protests broken up, BBC News (November 5, 2016).
- ^ Turkish police use pepper spray against pro-Kurdish protesters, Reuters (January 21, 2018).
- ^ Ibrahim Kaya (2004). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience. Liverpool University Press. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-85323-898-0.
- ^ "Thousands march in Istanbul in solidarity with Kurds". english.alarabiya.net.
- ^ Butler, Desmond. "Kurds suspect Turkey of backing Islamic State". www.timesofisrael.com.