Siona lineata

Siona lineata
	Both in Estonia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Geometridae
Genus:	Siona
Species:	S. lineata
Binomial name
	Siona lineata; (Scopoli, 1763)

Siona lineata, the black-veined moth, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 Entomologia Carniolica.^[1]

Subspecies

Subspecies include:^[2]

Siona lineata lineata (Scopoli, 1763)
Siona lineata oenotriensis (Staudinger, 1915)

Distribution

This rather common species can be found throughout Europe.^[3] It is quite rare in the United Kingdom. It is also present in the Amur and Ussuri Regions, southern Siberia, central Asia, Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Asia Minor and Russia.^[4]

Habitat

Illustration from John Curtis's *British Entomology*

These moths inhabit limestone and chalk grassland, rough downland, open woodlands, pastures and grassy areas.^[5]^[6]

Description

The wingspan is 35–40 mm.^[5] Wings are white or cream coloured with dusky veins in the upperside and black or dark brown veins on the underside.^[6] The underside of the wings usually shows also a blackish transverse stripe beyond the middle, very faint in the hindwings. Fresh butterflies are usually cream coloured, but as they get older, the wings are becoming whiter. With the disappearance of the scales the black veins on the undersides become increasingly visible on the uppersides through the wings.^[7]

The head is small, with large and globose lateral eyes. Legs are long and slender. The males have a long slender abdomen with a curved upward end, while in the females the abdomen is stouter and not curved. The females are also smaller and with more angular wings. In the females the abdomen has three longitudinal black lines.^[7]

Biology

The moth flies during the day in one generation from the beginning of May to the end of June ^[1]. The caterpillar feeds on various herbs, (Origanum majorana, Dactylis glomerata, Hypericum maculatum, Vicia species, Galium verum, Solidago virgaurea, Achillea millefolium, Tanacetum vulgare), and woody plants (Salix aurita, Viburnum opulus).^[5]^[8]^[9] The species overwinters as half-grown caterpillar and then pupates in a cocoon attached to a grass blade, or a plant stem.^[7]