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François de Coligny d'Andelot

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François de Coligny d'Andelot
studio of Jean Clouet (c.1555)
Born18 April 1521
Châtillon-sur-Loing
Died27 May 1569(1569-05-27) (aged 48)
Saintes, Charente-Maritime
AllegianceFrance
Service / branchArmy
RankColonel-General of the infantry
Battles / warsItalian Wars (Ceresole),
Franco-Habsburg War
(Saint-Quentin, Calais),
Wars of Religion (Dreux, Jarnac)
RelationsHouse of Coligny
Not to be confused with his nephew François de Coligny.

François d'Andelot de Coligny (18 April 1521, Châtillon-sur-Loing - 27 May 1569, Saintes, Charente-Maritime) was one of the leaders of French Protestantism during the French Wars of Religion. The son of Gaspard I de Coligny, he was the younger brother of Odet, cardinal de Châtillon and Gaspard de Coligny the admiral.

Life

Italian Wars

He first gained military experience in the Italian Wars, and so distinguished himself at the battle of Ceresole (1544) that Louis de Bourbon, still comte d'Enghien at that time,[1] knighted him on the battlefield. In 1547 he was made inspector-general of the infantry, and commanded the French troops sent to Scotland to defend the rights of Mary, Queen of Scots (until 1559, queen-consort of France). When war broke out again in Italy, he returned, marching to Parma and getting trapped in the city when it soon afterwards came under siege. Taken prisoner during a sortie, he was taken to the castle of Milan, where he remained until the treaty of Vaucelles in 1556.

Conversion

In prison, he read books obtained for him from outside and confirmed the doubts about Catholicism which he had already derived from conversations with French Protestants. On his return to France, he replaced his brother Gaspard as Colonel-General of the infantry and, at almost the same moment, war was declared against Spain. In charge of getting a relief column to Gaspard, who was defending Saint-Quentin, he found himself trapped there, but managed to prolong the siege and only surrendered when overwhelmed by the vast enemy numbers penetrating the city through the gaps they had blasted in the walls, when any resistance would have been useless. He succeeded in escaping the Spanish camp and rejoined the French army besieging Calais, where he acted so bravely that, according to Brantôme, Francis, Duke of Guise (who was no friend of François's) stated that all he needed to conquer a world of places were Andelot, Strozzi and [Antoine] d'Estrées.

When Andelot returned to Paris, the Guises, jealous of his favour with king Henry II, blackened his name by reporting certain discourses he had had on religion. The king called Andelot before him and, on receiving confirmation from him that he had made these discourses, flew into a rage, arrested him and had him taken to the castle of Melun, where he remained until his uncle, constable Anne de Montmorency, got him bail.

François d'Andelot was the first of the Châtillon family[2] to take on the Protestant reforms, and one of their most zealous defenders. He founded a Calvinist church in Vitré which, from 1560, was provided with a resident pastor. It was Coligny d'Andelot who brought his brothers over to the Protestant side, and they always remained very united despite the lack in Andelot, otherwise a valiant and able captain, of Gaspard's prudence and moderation.

Wars of Religion

When the first War of Religion broke out, he was among the first to join Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé, named leader of the Protestant faction. François's position as colonel-général was confiscated and re-allocated to the duc de Randari. Despite suffering from a fever at the time, he fought at the battle of Dreux in 1562. The following year, he defended Orléans when it was besieged by the troops of Francis, Duke of Guise. The siege was only raised when the Duke was assassinated.

Thanks to his efforts, peace was re-established, but he was ill and unable to participate in the siege of Le Havre in 1563, where Catholics and Protestants joined forces against English troops.

Andelot, the Prince de Condé, Gaspard de Coligny and Guyonne XVIII de Laval were considered the instigators of the 1567 "surprise de Meaux", an unlucky attempt by the Huguenots to arrest king Charles IX and the queen mother, Catherine de Médici.

The Protestants took up arms again, and François d'Andelot directed the siege of Chartres. He then retired into his lands in Brittany and, as he little trusted the queen's promises, raised fresh troops. These he led into Anjou, where he remained, ready to restart the war. He crossed the River Loire, penetrated into the Saintonge, captured several towns, and fought at the battle of Jarnac, where he gathered up part of what was left of the Protestant army after its retreat from Saintes. Seized by another violent fever, he died on 27 May 1569. His fellow Protestants attributed his death to poison, suspicions which may have arisen from the quip of the chancellor de Birague that this war would be ended not by arms but by cooks.

Marriages and descendants

Notes

  1. ^ Louis, comte d'Enghien's County of Enghien was elevated to a duchy-peerage in 1566. However at his death in 1569 it was claimed that the necessary papers had not been completed, and his son was denied the title.
  2. ^ "Châtillon" was the name for the family that was used by the Catholic League, as a method of demoting them from their greater honours.

Family tree

Sources

  • Abbé Pérau, "François de Coligny d'Andelot", in volume 16 of Vies des hommes illustres de France
  • L'Amiral de Coligny, sire de Tinténiac en Bretagne. Paris, Lib.Fischbacher - Rennes, Lib. Filhon & Hommay - 1929, par V.Bellanger, Avocat à la Cour de Rennes
  • "François de Coligny d'Andelot", in Marie-Nicolas Bouillet et Alexis Chassang (dir.), Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie, 1878 [détail des éditions] (Wikisource)
  • "François de Coligny d'Andelot", in Louis-Gabriel Michaud, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne : histoire par ordre alphabétique de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes avec la collaboration de plus de 300 savants et littérateurs français ou étrangers, 2nd edition, 1843–1865
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