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Notothenia neglecta

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Notothenia neglecta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Nototheniidae
Genus: Notothenia
Species:
N. neglecta
Binomial name
Notothenia neglecta
Nybelin, 1951
Synonyms

Notothenia coriiceps neglecta Nybelin, 1951

Notothenia neglecta is a species of fish found in the Southern Ocean in Antarctica.[1][2] They are omnivorous, and are found in both benthic and pelagic regions of the ocean. Their diet includes krill, bivalves, and gastropods. They have evolved unique behaviors and morphological features in order to thrive in the cold and harsh Antarctic climate. N. neglecta is also commercially fished, although not in high numbers.[3]

Anatomy and morphology

Members of N. neglecta have 3-7 dorsal spines, 37-40 dorsal soft rays, and 3-7 anal soft rays.[4] Younger fish have a black patch located near the tip of their pectoral fin.[5] N. neglecta vary in both size and weight. Sampled N. neglecta typically measure between 20 - 40 centimeters in length and typically weigh between 200 - 1600 grams.[6] Notothenia neglecta has gut flora composed almost exclusively of the bacteria Vibrio,[7] reflective of the ability of N. neglecta to tolerate high saline conditions and frequent ingestion of Antarctic krill,[8] which is composed of high amounts of chitin.[9] Vibrio in N. neglecta may also play a role in osmoregulation[10] via regulation of sodium ions.[11] N. neglecta possess an inflammatory response pathway that has made the fish suitable for the cold Antarctic environment.[12] Additionally, N. neglecta synthesizes eight antifreeze proteins to combat the freezing temperatures of the environment.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Notothenia neglecta is an Antarctic fish species that typically lives at a depth of 50 meters,[14] but has also been found living a depths from 0 – 450 meters.[15] Young N. neglecta are typically found at depths of 1–10 meters, and adults are typically found in deeper water.[16] In the Antarctic, they have been found in Antarctic peninsula waters, South Georgia Island, and Peter I Island.[17] It is the dominant fish species in Potter Cove, King George Island, and the South Shetland Islands.[18] N. neglecta display a wide and diverse diet. They are an omnivorous species,[19] and feed on both benthic and pelagic species.[20] Benthic N. neglecta most commonly feed on krill, but in the summertime, heavily prey on salps.[21] N. neglecta has also been shown to feed on a variety of isopods, amphipods, algae, and bivalves.[22]

Behavior

N. neglecta engage in unique behaviors that have allowed them to thrive in the harsh Antarctic climate. They typically feed at night, which may be attributed to avoidance of larger predators who tend to feed during the day,[23] and also because many of the creatures they feed on are nocturnal.[24] Aggressiveness in feeding has been linked to photoperiod, or availability of light throughout the day.[25] They are less aggressive in their pursuit of prey during the day, but at night, the highest level of aggressiveness and pursuit are observed.[26] N. neglecta has also demonstrated evidence of social hierarchy.[27] Scientists have observed fish become less reactive to availability of prey in the presence of another member of their species.[28] This suggests that these less reactive members may be the less dominant members of their groups.[29] Once the other fish were removed from the environment, the original member would hunt prey as normal.[30]

N. neglecta only spawns once a year.[31] Females usually have their first spawn between the ages of 6 and 8 years old.[32]

Notes

  1. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Notothenia neglecta". www.itis.gov. U.S.: Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  2. ^ "Taxonomy Browser". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  3. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 207.
  4. ^ Froese & Luna
  5. ^ Froese & Luna
  6. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 207.
  7. ^ Cormack & Fraile 1990, p. 413.
  8. ^ Cormack & Fraile 1990, p. 413.
  9. ^ Cormack & Fraile 1990, p. 413.
  10. ^ Cormack & Fraile 1990, p. 416.
  11. ^ Cormack & Fraile 1990, p. 416.
  12. ^ Silva, Hernandez-Blazquez & Barbieri 1998, p. 212.
  13. ^ Cheng, Fernandes, Detrich & DeVries 1990, p. 9265.
  14. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  15. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 207.
  16. ^ Froese & Luna
  17. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 207.
  18. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 207.
  19. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 212.
  20. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  21. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  22. ^ Barrera-Oro & Casaux 1990, p. 207.
  23. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  24. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  25. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  26. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 146.
  27. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 149.
  28. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 149.
  29. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 149.
  30. ^ Donatti & Fanta 2002, p. 149.
  31. ^ Froese & Luna
  32. ^ Froese & Luna

References

  • Barrera-Oro, E. R., & Casaux, R. J. (1990). Feeding selectivity in Notothenia neglecta, Nybelin, from Potter Cove, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 2(3), 207-213. doi:10.1017/s0954102090000281
  • Cormack, W. P., & Fraile, E. R. (1990). Bacterial flora of newly caught Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta. Polar Biology, 10(6). doi:10.1007/bf00233688
  • Donatti, L., & Fanta, E. (2002). Influence of photoperiod on visual prey detection in the Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta. Antarctic Science, 14(2), 146-150. doi:10.1017/s0954102002000706
  • Froese, R., & Luna, S. M. (n.d.). Notothenia neglecta summary page. Retrieved from https://www.fishbase.se/summary/58010
  • Hsiao, K., Cheng, C. C., Fernandes, I. E., Detrich, H. W., & DeVries, A. L. (1990). An antifreeze glycopeptide gene from the antarctic cod Notothenia coriiceps neglecta encodes a polyprotein of high peptide copy number. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87, 9265-9269. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.23.9265
  • Notothenia neglecta Nybelin, 1951. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=642593#null
  • Silva, J. R., Hernadez-Blazquez, F. J., & Barbieri, R. L. (1998). Induced inflammatory process in the Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta. Polar Biology, 20(3), 206-212. doi:10.1007/s003000050297
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