^Heeger, Alan J. (2001). "Semiconducting and Metallic Polymers: The Fourth Generation of Polymeric Materials†". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 105 (36): 8475–8491. doi:10.1021/jp011611w. ISSN1520-6106.
^McCullough, Richard D.; Tristram-Nagle, Stephanie; Williams, Shawn P.; Lowe, Renae D.; Jayaraman, Manikandan (1993). "Self-orienting head-to-tail poly(3-alkylthiophenes): new insights on structure-property relationships in conducting polymers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115 (11): 4910. doi:10.1021/ja00064a070.