Allantonematidae
| Allantonematidae | |
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| Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi | |
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| Family: | Allantonematidae
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Allantonematidae is a family of insect-parasitic nematodes from the order Tylenchida. Allantonematid nematodes infect a variety of insects including beetles, butterflies, flies, thrips, ants, and more.[1] For instance, the nematode Howardula aoronymphium parasitizes mushroom-feeding fruit flies[2], Formicitylenchus oregonensis parasitizes carpenter ants[3], and Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi parasitizes a pest of coffee beans, the Coffee borer beetle.[4]
Allantonematid nematodes infect insect larvae by piercing through the cuticle, after which they reside in the insect blood. There they develop through multiple juvenile stages before being shed out the anus or reproductive tracts. Mating typically occurs external to the insect host, after which mated female nematodes infect new hosts.
Systematics
There are 2 subfamilies of Allantonematids that contain about 150 species in at least 16 genera. These include:
- Subfamily Allantonematinae Pereira, 1931
- Allantonema Leuckhart, 1884
- Anandranema Poinar, Ferro, Morales & Tesh, 1993
- Bradynema zur Strassen, 1892
- Howardula Cobb, 1921
- Metaparasitylenchus Wachek, 1955
- Neoparasitylenchus Nickle, 1967
- Parasitylenchoides Wachek, 1955
- Pratinema Chizhov & Sturhan, 1998
- Proparasitylenchus Wachek, 1955
- Sulphuretylenchus Ruhm, 1956
- Thripinema Siddiqi, 1986
- Subfamily Contortylenchinae Ruhm, 1956
- Aphelenchulus Cobb, 1920
- Bovienema Nickle, 1963
- Contortylenchus Ruhm, 1956
- Formicitylenchus Poinar, 2003
- Subfamily not-yet classified
- Halophilanema Poinar, 2012[5]
The systematics of the Allantonematidae are complicated due to various re-classifications of Allantonematid genera first classified by morphological characters. As a result, the family Allantonematidae is likely paraphyletic, evidenced by molecular study.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Lewis, John W. (1995). "Nematodes: Structure, development, classification and phylogeny". Parasitology Today. 11 (2): 86. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(95)80127-8.
- ^ Perlman, Steve J.; Jaenike, John (2003). "Infection Success in Novel Hosts: An Experimental and Phylogenetic Study of Drosophila-Parasitic Nematodes". Evolution. 57 (3): 544–57. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01546.x. PMID 12703944.
- ^ Poinar, George (2003). "Formicitylenchus oregonensis n. G., n. Sp. (Allantonematidae: Nematoda), the first tylenchid parasite of ants, with a review of nematodes described from ants". Systematic Parasitology. 56: 69–76. doi:10.1023/A:1025583303428.
- ^ Poinar, G., Vega, F., Castillo, A., and Infante, F. (2004). METAPARASITYLENCHUS HYPOTHENEMI N. SP. (NEMATODA: ALLANTONEMATIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE COFFEE BERRY BORER, HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI (CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE). J. Parasitol. 90: 1106-1110
- ^ Poinar, George O. (2012). "Halophilanema prolata n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Saldidae) on the Oregon coast". Parasites & Vectors. 5. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-24.
- ^ Koshel, E. I.; Aleshin, V. V.; Eroshenko, G. A.; Kutyrev, V. V. (2014). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Entomoparasitic Nematodes, Potential Control Agents of Flea Populations in Natural Foci of Plague". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–26. doi:10.1155/2014/135218.