Jump to content

NCAA Division I independent schools (ice hockey)

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Dale Arnett (talk | contribs) at 21:18, 22 April 2020 (→Current programs which were at one point independent: Noted CCHA revival.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Location of Division I
hockey independents

NCAA Division I independent schools are teams that compete in NCAA ice hockey but are not members of a conference. There are several current schools who, at one time or another, competed as Division I independents.

Current independent programs

Men

Institution Team Location Founded Type Enrollment Years Primary Conference
Arizona State University Sun Devils[1] Tempe, Arizona 1885 Public 50,246 2015–present Pac-12 Conference

The Sun Devils moved up from club hockey in the ACHA to full varsity status. Arizona State began playing a full Division I schedule in 2016–17.

Women

As of the 2019–20 season, no women's programs compete as independents in the National Collegiate division of women's ice hockey, the de facto equivalent of Division I in that sport. The NCAA has never sponsored a Division II championship in the sport, although it does sponsor a Division III championship.

Five schools competed as independents in the 2018–19 season, all participating in the nascent New England Women's Hockey Alliance (NEWHA), which had originally been established in 2017 as a scheduling alliance among all of the then-current National Collegiate independents. The NEWHA initially included six schools, but Holy Cross left after the inaugural 2017–18 NEWHA season to join Hockey East. The NEWHA officially organized as a conference in advance of the 2018–19 season,[2] but was not officially recognized by the NCAA as a Division I league until the 2019–20 season, by which time the newly launched LIU program had joined as the sixth member.[3]

Current programs which were at one point independent

Men

School Years Subsequent conference Notes
Air Force Falcons[4] 1968–1999 CHA Joined Atlantic Hockey in 2006
Alabama–Huntsville Chargers[5] 1987–1992
1998–1999
2010–2013		 Division II
CHA
WCHA		 The Chargers first competed as a Division I independent between stints in Division II. After winning 2 championships and finishing as runners-up twice more, UAH returned to Division I in 1998, spending one season as an independent before becoming a charter member of College Hockey America. Following the demise of the men's side of CHA, and being denied entry to the CCHA,[6] the Chargers were independent for three seasons (2010–11 to 2012–13)[7] until joining the Western Collegiate Hockey Association beginning in the 2013–14 season.[8]
Alaska–Anchorage Seawolves[9] 1984–1985
1988–1993		 GWHC
WCHA		 The Seawolves competed as an independent following the demise of the Great West Hockey Conference. The school joined the Western Collegiate Hockey Association in 1993. UAA received NCAA tournament bids in 1990, 1991, and 1992 while an independent.
Alaska–Fairbanks Nanooks[10] 1925–1926
1932–1973
1988–1994		 dropped program
Division II
CCHA		 The Nanooks re-joined Division I in 1985 in the Great West Hockey Conference, and went independent following the conference's demise. They joined the Central Collegiate Hockey Association in 1994. Joined the WCHA in 2013.
Army Black Knights[11] 1903–1961
1991–1999		 ECAC
CHA		 Joined Atlantic Hockey in 2000
Bemidji State Beavers[12] 1947–1950 dropped program Bemidji returned to Division I in 1999 as a charter member of College Hockey America, and moved to the WCHA for 2010–11. The Beavers have since announced that they will become part of the revived CCHA in 2021.
Boston College Eagles[13] 1917–1961 ECAC Currently competes in Hockey East
Boston University Terriers[14] 1917–1943
1945–1961		 suspended program
ECAC		 Currently competes in Hockey East
Brown Bears[15] 1897–1961 ECAC
Clarkson Golden Knights[16] 1920–1950 Tri-State League Clarkson was a member of the Tri-State League concurrently with ECAC from 1961 until the Tri-State's dissolution in 1972.
Colgate Raiders[17] 1915–1917
1920–1950
1957–1961		 dropped program
Tri-State League
ECAC		 Colgate dropped their program in 1951 due to the lack of an indoor facility but returned to the ice in 1957.
Colorado College Tigers[18] 1937–1951
1958–1959		 MCHL
WCHA		 Joined the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC) in 2013
Cornell Big Red[19] 1900–1901
1902–1903
1906–1916
1920–1931
1933–1948
1957–1961		 dropped program
dropped program
suspended program
dropped program
dropped program
ECAC
Dartmouth Big Green[20] 1905–1918
1919–1961		 suspended program
ECAC
Denver Pioneers[21] 1949–1951
1958–1959		 MCHL
WCHA		 Joined the NCHC in 2013
Harvard Crimson[22] 1897–1917
1918–1943
1945–1961		 suspended program
suspended program
ECAC
UMass Minutemen[23] 1908–1939
1947–1951
1953–1961
1993–1994		 dropped program
dropped program
Division II
Hockey East		 Dropped program from 1979 until 1993
Merrimack Warriors[24] 1984–1989 Hockey East Moved up from Division II in 1984. Merrimack received an NCAA tournament invitation in 1988 while an independent.
Miami RedHawks[25] 1978–1980 CCHA Joined the NCHC in 2013
Michigan Wolverines[26] 1922–1951 MCHL Was also a member of the Big Ten from 1958 through 1981. Moved to CCHA in 1981. Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Michigan State Spartans[27] 1921–1930
1949–1951		 dropped program
MCHL		 Was also a member of the Big Ten from 1958 through 1981. Moved to CCHA in 1981. Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Michigan Tech Huskies[28] 1919–1951
1958–1959		 MCHL
WCHA		 Played in the CCHA from 1981–84. Re-joined the WCHA in 1984; will become part of the revived CCHA in 2021.
Minnesota Golden Gophers[29] 1921–1951 MCHL Was also a member of the Big Ten from 1958 through 1981. Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013
Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs[30] 1930–1932
1946–1965		 dropped program
WCHA		 Joined the NCHC in 2013
Minnesota State Mavericks[31] 1996–1999 WCHA After moving up from Division II and before joining the WCHA. Will become a member of the revived CCHA in 2021.
New Hampshire Wildcats[32] 1924–1961 ECAC Currently competes in Hockey East
Niagara Purple Eagles[33] 1997–1999 CHA Niagara began varsity hockey in 1997, and became a charter member of the CHA in 1999. They moved to Atlantic Hockey for 2010–11.
North Dakota Fighting Hawks[34] 1929–1936
1946–1951
1958–1959		 dropped program
MCHL
WCHA		 Joined the NCHC in 2013
Northeastern Huskies[35] 1929–1961 ECAC Currently competes in Hockey East
Northern Michigan Wildcats[36] 1976–1977 CCHA Joined the WCHA in 2013; will join the revived CCHA in 2021.
Notre Dame Fighting Irish[37] 1912–1927
1968–1971
1984–1991		 dropped program
WCHA
CCHA		 Left the CCHA in 2013 for Hockey East.
Ohio State Buckeyes[38] 1963–1971
1973–1975		 CCHA
CCHA		 Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013
Penn State Nittany Lions 2012–2013 Big Ten In September 2010, Penn State announced they would add men's and women's NCAA Division I hockey programs in 2012, competing in their first season as an independent.[39] In March 2011, the Big Ten Conference announced that Michigan, Michigan State, and Ohio State would leave the CCHA, and Minnesota and Wisconsin announced that they would leave the WCHA to form a Big Ten hockey conference to begin play in the 2013–14 season.[40]
Princeton Tigers[41] 1900–1961 ECAC
Providence Friars[42] 1926–1927
1952–1954
1955–1961		 dropped program
Northeast League
ECAC		 Currently competes in Hockey East
RPI Engineers[43] 1901–1950 Tri-State League Rensselaer was a member of the Tri-State League concurrently with ECAC from 1961 until the Tri-State's dissolution in 1972.
RIT Tigers[44] 2005–2006 Atlantic Hockey Played first year of its probation period after joining Division I as an independent.
Sacred Heart Pioneers[45] 1993–1998 MAAC
St. Cloud State Huskies[46] 1931–1942
1987–1990		 dropped program
WCHA		 Dropped their program during World War II, resumed in 1946 in Division II. Joined the NCHC in 2013.
St. Lawrence Saints[47] 1925–1930
1938–1950		 dropped program
Tri-State League

St. Lawrence was a member of the Tri-State League concurrently with ECAC from 1961 until the Tri-State's dissolution in 1972.

Union Dutchmen[48] 1903–1949 dropped program Suspended their program from 1949–1975, resumed in Division III, before moving back to Division I in the ECAC in 1991.
Wisconsin Badgers[49] 1921–1935
1963–1969		 dropped program
WCHA		 Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013
Yale Bulldogs[50] 1895–1961 ECAC Yale is the oldest active NCAA program.

Women

School Years Subsequent conference Notes
Clarkson Golden Knights[51] 2003–2004 ECAC Played the first year of their program as an independent before joining the ECAC
Franklin Pierce Ravens 2017–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III NEHC in 2017, joining the NEWHA.[52] Left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
Holy Cross Crusaders[53] 2017–2018 Hockey East After playing as a de facto Division III program from the varsity program's creation in 1999–2000, joined the NEWHA at its formation in 2017–18 before moving to Hockey East the following season.
Lindenwood Lady Lions 2011–2012 CHA The university competed as an independent for the 2011–12 season during the transition process of joining the NCAA from NAIA, during which, the team was reclassifying from ACHA Division I to NCAA Division I. Lindenwood placed an application in Fall 2011 and was accepted as a member of CHA starting in the 2012–13 season.[54]
Post Eagles 2017–2019 NEWHA Played inaugural women's hockey season of 2016–17 as a Division III independent ineligible for postseason play.[55] Joined the NEWHA at its formation in 2017 and left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
Quinnipiac Bobcats[56] 2002–2004 CHA Left the ECAC after 2002 and spent two years playing as an independent before joining the CHA. They returned to the ECAC after one season in the CHA.
RPI Engineers[57] 2005–2006 ECAC Moved up from Division III (where they were a member of the ECAC East) in 2005.
Sacred Heart Pioneers[58] 2003–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III ECAC East in 2003. Founding member of the NEWHA in 2017; left independent status upon NCAA recognition of that league.
Saint Anselm Hawks 2017–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III NEHC in 2017, joining the NEWHA.[59] Left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
Saint Michael's Purple Knights 2017–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III NEHC in 2017, joining the NEWHA.[60] Left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
UConn Huskies[61] 2000–2001 ECAC Played the first year of their program as an independent before joining the ECAC, and moving to Hockey East in 2002.

Defunct teams

Men

School Years Subsequent conference Notes
Carnegie Tech Tartans[62] 1905–1909
1920–1921		 Intercollegiate League
dropped program		 The program was suspended after 1910 when the Intercollegiate League collapsed.
Columbia Lions 1896–1915
1920–1923
1936–1938		 dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays 1895–1898 dropped program Johns Hopkins played the first two intercollegiate games against Yale in 1986.[63]
Kent State Golden Flashes [64] 1985–1992 CCHA Program folded in 1994.
Illinois Fighting Illini[65] 1937–1943 dropped program
UIC Flames[66] 1981–1982 CCHA Moved up from Division II in 1981. Program folded in 1996.
MIT Engineers[67] 1900–1961 ECAC The program joined the lower-tier division in 1964 and was dropped in 1975.
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks [68][69] 1980–1985 GWHC Folded their program after one season in the GWHC due to rink problems.
Penn Quakers[70] 1898–1901
1908–1911
1919–1924
1928–1929
1939–1942
1958–1967		 dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
ECAC		 Program ended after the 1977-78 season.
Pittsburgh Panthers[71] 1896–1909 Intercollegiate League varsity hockey was played intermittently from at least 1896, varsity program dropped presumably around 1916, if not earlier.
Saint Louis Billikens[72] 1970–1971 CCHA St. Louis was a founding member of the CCHA and continued with the conference until the program was demoted to club status in 1979.
They currently play as an unrecognized Division II team.
Syracuse Orange[73] 1911–1913
1923–1928
1939–1940		 dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
US International Gulls[69][74] 1979–1985 GWHC Dropped their program in 1988.
Villanova Wildcats[75][76] 1929–1932 dropped program Returned as a Division III team and later dropped their program again after the 1997–1998 season for Title IX reasons.

Women

School Years Subsequent conference Notes
North Dakota Fighting Hawks[77] 2002–2004 WCHA Played the first years of their program as an independent before joining the WCHA. Dropped women's ice hockey after the 2016–17 season.[78]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sun Devil Athletics Announces Addition of Men's Ice Hockey as NCAA Sport" (Press release). Arizona State Athletics. November 18, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  2. ^ "NEWHA announces intent to be recognized as NCAA national collegiate women's hockey conference". USCHO.com. September 26, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  3. ^ "New England Women's Hockey Alliance approved for NCAA Division I status, effective with '19-20 season". USCHO.com. September 4, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  4. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Air Force :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  5. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Alabama-Huntsville :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  6. ^ McLaughlin, Budd (August 11, 2009). "UAH denied admission to Central Collegiate Hockey Association". The Huntsville Times.
  7. ^ McLaughlin, Budd (September 23, 2009). "UAH program standing alone". The Huntsville Times.
  8. ^ "WCHA accepts Alabama-Huntsville for 2013–14 season". USCHO.com. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  9. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Alaska-Anchorage :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  10. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Alaska-Fairbanks :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  11. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Army :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  12. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Bemidji State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  13. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Boston College :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  14. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Boston University :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  15. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Brown :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  16. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Clarkson :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  17. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Colgate :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  18. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Colorado College :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  19. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Cornell :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  20. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Dartmouth :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  21. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Denver :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  22. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Harvard :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  23. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Massachusetts :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  24. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Merrimack :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  25. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Miami :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  26. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Michigan :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  27. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Michigan State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  28. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Michigan Tech :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  29. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Minnesota :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  30. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Minnesota-Duluth :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  31. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Minnesota State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  32. ^ "Statistics :: History :: New Hampshire :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  33. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Niagara :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  34. ^ "Statistics :: History :: North Dakota :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  35. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Northeastern :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  36. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Northern Michigan :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  37. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Notre Dame :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  38. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Ohio State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  39. ^ Giger, Cory (August 6, 2010). "Penn State 'close' to adding arena, Division I hockey". Altoona Mirror. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  40. ^ Staff (March 21, 2011). "Big Ten confirms plan to sponsor hockey starting in 2013–14 season". USCHO. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  41. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Princeton :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  42. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Providence :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  43. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Rensselaer :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  44. ^ "Statistics :: History :: RIT :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  45. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Sacred Heart :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  46. ^ "Statistics :: History :: St. Cloud State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  47. ^ "Statistics :: History :: St. Lawrence :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  48. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Union :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  49. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Wisconsin :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  50. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Yale :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  51. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Clarkson :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  52. ^ "Women's Ice Hockey Archives". Franklin Pierce Ravens. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  53. ^ "All-Time Results" (PDF). 2017-18 Holy Cross Women's Ice Hockey Media Guide. Holy Cross Crusaders. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  54. ^ Staff (November 11, 2011). "Lindenwood formally admitted into CHA". U.S. College Hockey Online. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  55. ^ "Post University Women's Ice Hockey Announces Schedule For Inaugural 2016-17 Season" (Press release). Post Eagles. June 6, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  56. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Quinnipiac :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  57. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Rensselaer :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  58. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Sacred :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  59. ^ "Saint Anselm College Women's Ice Hockey Record Book, 2004–05 — 2016–17" (PDF). Saint Anselm Hawks. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  60. ^ "Saint Michael's College Women's Ice Hockey Record Book" (PDF). Saint Michael's Purple Knights. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  61. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Connecticut :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  62. ^ "Carnegie Tech Tartans Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  63. ^ "History on Ice". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  64. ^ "Kent State University Statistics and History [NCAA]". Hockey DB. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  65. ^ "Illinois Fightin' Illini Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  66. ^ "Illinois-Chicago Flames Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  67. ^ "MIT Engineers Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  68. ^ "Northern Arizona Lumberjacks Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  69. ^ a b "History of the Great West Hockey Conference". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  70. ^ A letter: 115 years of ice hockey at Penn web, The Buzz, retrieved June 5, 2016
  71. ^ The Owl 1911. 1911. p. 206. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  72. ^ "Billikens Hockey History". Home Teams Online. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  73. ^ "Syracuse Orangemen Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  74. ^ "U.S. International Gulls Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  75. ^ "History – Defunct Teams". College Hockey News.
  76. ^ "Villanova University Statistics and History". Hockey DB.
  77. ^ "Statistics :: History :: North Dakota :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  78. ^ "Deep budget cuts force UND to eliminate three varsity sports" (Press release). North Dakota Fighting Hawks. March 29, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_independent_schools_(ice_hockey)&oldid=952554891"