Bay Psalm Book
The Bay Psalm Book is a metrical Psalter first printed in 1640 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was the first book printed in British North America.[1][2] The Psalms in it are metrical translations into English. The translations are not particularly polished, and not one has remained in use, although some of the tunes to which they were sung have survived (for instance, "Old 100th"). However, its production, just 20 years after the Pilgrims' arrival at Plymouth, Massachusetts, represents a considerable achievement. It went through several editions and remained in use for well over a century.[3][4][5][failed verification]
In November 2013, one of eleven known surviving copies of the first edition sold at auction for $14.2 million, a record for a printed book.[6][7][8]
History
17th century
The early residents of the Massachusetts Bay Colony brought with them several books of psalms: the Ainsworth Psalter (1612), compiled by Henry Ainsworth for use by Puritan "separatists" in Holland; the Ravenscroft Psalter (1621); and the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter (1562), of which there were several editions. Evidently they were dissatisfied with the translations from Hebrew in these several psalters and wished for some that were closer to the original. They hired "thirty pious and learned Ministers", including Richard Mather, Thomas Mayhew, and John Eliot,[9] to undertake a new translation, which they presented here.[10] The tunes to be sung to the new translations were the familiar ones from their existing psalters.
The first printing was the third product of the Stephen Day (sometimes spelled Daye) press, and consisted of a 148 small quarto leaves, including a 12-page preface, "The Psalmes in Metre", "An Admonition to the Reader", and an extensive list of errata headed "Faults escaped in printing". As with subsequent editions of the book, Day printed the book for sale by the first bookseller in British America, Hezekiah Usher, whose shop at that time was also located in Cambridge.[11] An estimated 1,700 copies of the first edition were printed.[12]
The third edition (1651) was extensively revised by Henry Dunster and Richard Lyon. The revision was entitled The Psalms, hymns and spiritual songs of the Old and New Testament, faithfully translated into English metre. This revision was the basis for all subsequent editions, and was popularly known as the New England Psalter or New England Version. The ninth edition (1698), the first to contain music, included 13 tunes from John Playford's A Breefe Introduction to the Skill of Musick (London, 1654).[13]
18th century
The expansion of the neoclassical movement in England led to an evolution in the singing of psalms. These changes found their way to America and subsequently new psalm versions were written. In the early part of the 18th century several updated psalms, notably those written by Tate and Brady and by Isaac Watts, were published. Shortly thereafter several congregations in New England elected to replace the Bay Psalm Book with these new titles.
In 1718, Cotton Mather undertook the revision of the original Bay Psalm Book which he had studied since youth. Two subsequent revisions were published in 1752, by John Barnard of Marblehead and in 1758 by Thomas Prince. Prince was a clergyman at the Old South Church in Boston. He convinced the members of the congregation of the need to produce a revised, more scholarly, edition of the Bay Psalm Book. Unfortunately, Prince’s version was not accepted outside of his membership and in 1789, the Old South Church reverted to the earlier edition published by Isaac Watts.[14]
Title page
The title page of the first edition of 1640 reads:
Faithfully
TRANSLATED into ENGLISH
Metre.
Whereunto is prefixed a discourse
declaring not only the lawfullness, but also
the necessity of the heavenly Ordinance
of singing Scripture Psalmes in
the Churches of God.
Extant copies
Eleven copies of the first edition of the Bay Psalm Book are still known to exist, of which only five copies are complete. Only one of the eleven copies is currently held outside the United States. One copy is owned by each of the following:[15]
| Owner/Library | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Library of Congress | 
|
|
| Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University | 
|
This copy was owned by Old South Church in Boston between 1750 and 1850, before passing through a number of hands, finally being bought by Cornelius Vanderbilt II in 1879. It was eventually inherited by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney and owned by her until her death in 1942. It was bought for Yale University in 1947 by a group of alumni and friends.[16] |
| Houghton Library, Harvard University | 
|
Thought to have been acquired in the effort to replace Harvard's library, after its destruction by fire in 1764. It was previously owned by Middlecott Cooke, a member of the Harvard class of 1723. It carries the signature of John Leverett, suggesting it may have belonged to John Leverett, the 19th governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[16] The copy is incomplete, missing 10 leaves. |
| John Carter Brown Library, Brown University | 
|
Originally the property of Richard Mather, one the original translators, it passed into the ownership of Thomas Prince (possibly after the dispersal of the library of Cotton Mather, grandson of Richard, in 1728. It was eventually acquired by John Carter Brown in 1881.[16] |
| American Antiquarian Society | This copy lacks its title page and pages 295–296, but is in its original vellum binding. It was part of a lot of old books bought by William Bentley in May 1804 for 36 cents.[16] It later became part of the library of Isiah Thomas, the founder of the society, and still carries his bookplate.[17] He later gave it to the society.[16] | |
| New York Public Library | This copy was found when the stock of British bookseller William Pickering was sold by Sotheby's in 1855 in London after his death. It was part of a parcel of old copies of Psalms that was bought for 19 shillings by Henry Stevens. It had twelve leaves missing, but Stevens replaced them with leaves taken from the copy now in the Library of Congress, then sold it to James Lenox. The book was part of the Lenox Library until this became part of the New York Public Library in 1895.[16]| | |
| Bodleian Library, University of Oxford | 
|
Formerly the property of Bishop Thomas Tanner, this complete copy was part of the valuable book collection bequeathed to the Bodlean Library in Oxford upon his death in 1735.[16] This is the only copy outside the United States. |
| Huntington Library | An 1844 note laid into the book by one Sara Shuttleworth records it was previously in the possession of the Shuttleworth family, and she was passing it to her daughter. It was acquired by an antique book store in Boston in 1872; they sold it 20 years later to Bishop John Fletcher Hurst. It was bought by E. Dwight Church in 1903. In 1911, Henry E. Huntington acquired a large portion of Church's library, including the Bay Psalm Book. It was transferred to the Huntington library as part of the establishment gift in 1919.[16] | |
| Rosenbach Museum & Library | The most recently discovered copy, this was sold in 1933 to the Rosenbach Company for £150 by a James Weatherup of Belfast. Signatures indicate it had been previously owned by several individuals from Belfast and Glasgow. In 1949, it was briefly stolen by a UCLA student as part of a fraternity initiation.[16] | |
| Old South Church in Boston | This book was bequeathed to Old South Church in 1758 by Thomas Prince.[16] It is housed in the Rare Book Collection at the Boston Public Library. | |
| David Rubenstein | Purchased November 2013;[6] formerly a second copy owned by Old South Church in Boston[18]) |
Auction records
A copy of the first edition sold in 1947 for $151,000.[12] A 1648 edition, described in American Book Prices Current as the "Emerson Copy", fetched $15,000 on May 3, 1983, at New England Book Auctions in South Deerfield, Massachusetts.[19] On September 17, 2009, Swann Galleries auctioned an early edition, c. 1669–1682, bound with an Edinburgh Bible, for $57,600.[20] On November 26, 2013, Sotheby's auctioned a 1640 copy owned by Boston's Old South Church; it sold for a hammer price of $14,165,000,[7] setting a new record for a single printed book.[6][8] Sotheby's confirmed that it was purchased by American financier and philanthropist David Rubenstein "who planned to loan it to libraries across the country".[6]
In popular culture
In Neal Stephenson's book The Rise and Fall of D.O.D.O., a shadowy Pentagon project partially finances itself by sending a researcher back in time to 1640 – to steal and bury a copy of the Bay Psalm Book. The book is then recovered in the 21st century and auctioned off for $14 million.
See also
- Codex Leicester, which holds the record for the sale price of any book[6]
- House of the First Print Shop in the Americas
- John Ratcliff
- Metrical psalter
- List of most expensive books and manuscripts
Notes
- ^ Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). The Library An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 140. ISBN 9781602397064.
- ^ "The Bay Psalm Book". World Digital Library. Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Graham, Fred Kimball (2004). "With One Heart and One Voice": A Core Repertory of Hymn Tunes Published for Use in the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States, 1808–1878. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780810849839.
- ^ Orcutt, William Dana (January 1931). "The Magic of the Book: More Reminiscences and Adventures of a Book-Man". 1 (1). Boston, MA: The University of Chicago Press. doi:10.1086/612887.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Wallace, Robert (November 22, 1954). "A very proper swindle". Life. Time Inc: 208. ISSN 0024-3019.
- ^ a b c d e BBC News: Bay Psalm Book is most expensive printed work at $14.2m (accessed 27 November 2013)
- ^ a b "The Bay Psalm Book sale". Sotheby's. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
- ^ a b The World's Most Expensive Book? Rare Book Room, abebooks.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
- ^ "Mather, Richard".
- ^ (2003) Bay Psalm Book. In Encarta Encyclopedia 2004. Microsoft.
- ^ George Emery Littlefield; Club of Odd Volumes (1900). Early Boston booksellers 1642–1711. The Club of Odd Volumes. pp. 27–. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ a b BBC News: Bay Psalm Book: Why the £18m price tag? (accessed 27 November 2013)
- ^ Graham (2004, 1)
- ^ Turner, M (1972). "Three Eighteenth-Century Revisions of the Bay Psalm Book". The New England Quarterly. 45 (2): 270. doi:10.2307/364760. JSTOR 364760.
- ^ "Bay Psalm Book of 1640: Where Are They Now?". PhiloBiblos. November 30, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Census of Copies of the Bay Psalm Book, with Provenance, Sale, and other Relevant Histories". Sotheby's.
- ^ "Catalog Record #314613". General Catalogue of the American Antiquarian Society.
- ^ "America's First Book Set to Be Sold Amid Holy Row". The Guardian. December 5, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
- ^ "Some highlights from past auctions". New England Book Auctions. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
- ^ "Full details for lot 59". Swann Galleries. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
External links
- Fully digitized copy of the original 1640 edition from the John Carter Brown Library collection available at the World Digital Library
- Arch. G e.40 Digital facsimile from the Bodleian Library
- Bay Psalm Book From the American Imprint Collection at the Library of Congress
- The preface to the book
- Reprint of the First Edition
- Historic Boston Church’s Decision to Sell Rare Psalmbook Divides Congregation