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DelFly Micro, a 3.07 gram camera equipped flapping wing MAV

The DelFly[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] is a fully controllable camera-equipped flapping wing Micro Air Vehicle or Ornithopter developed at the Micro Air Vehicle Lab of the Delft University of Technology in collaboration with Wageningen University.

The DelFly project[8] focuses on fully functioning systems and follows a top-down approach toward ever smaller and more autonomous flapping wing MAVs.

The DelFly Micro with its 10 cm wing span and 3.07 grams is the smallest free flying controllable flapping wing MAV equipped with a camera and video transmitter.[9] Smaller flapping wing MAVs exist, but then without an onboard camera. In particular, a hobbyist from Albany NY, built a flapping wing MAV of 920 mg and just 60mm wing span, which is the world's smallest free flying flapper till date.

The 28 centimeter 16 gram DelFly II was capable of vertical take-off and landing and demonstrated simplified forms of autonomous flight, mainly using off-board processing.[4][6][10]

The DelFly Explorer[11] measures 28 centimeter while weighing 20 grams and is equipped with a miniature stereo vision system for autonomous flight in buildings.

DelFly Nimble in hover

The DelFly Nimble[12] is a very agile, tailless flapping wing MAV. It steers by modifying the motions of its wings, which allows it to perform high-speed maneuvers such as 360-degree flips. One of its uses is in studying insect flight; mimicking the extremely fast escape maneuvers of fruit flies revealed a new aerodynamic mechanism that helps to make rapid banked turns. The startup company Flapper Drones is developing a commercial version of the DelFly Nimble for applications within the entertainment sector (drone shows, festivals, theme parks).[13]

History

The DelFly project started in 2005 as a Design Synthesis Exercise for a group of Bachelor of Science students at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of the TU Delft. The flapping wing design was mentored by Wageningen University,[3] the remote control and micro camera integration by Ruijsink Dynamic Engineering, and the real-time image processing by the TU Delft.[14] The result of this exercise was the DelFly I, a 50 cm wingspan, 21 grams flapping wing MAV equipped with a camera. The DelFly I was able to fly both fast and perform slow hovering flight while providing reasonably stable camera images.

In 2007, the DelFly II was created: a 28 cm wing span 16 gram flapping wing MAV equipped with onboard camera. This version was not only smaller, but it had a much broader flight envelope ranging from 7 m/s forward flight to near hovering flight and even backward flight at -1 m/s. In contrast to the DelFly I, the DelFly II could take-off and land vertically. The flight time of the DelFly II was around 15 minutes.

The DelFly II was followed in 2008 by the DelFly Micro, a 10 cm wing span, 3.07 gram flapping wing MAV, also equipped with camera.[15] The DelFly Micro is fully steerable with 3 controls for the throttle, elevator and rudder. Given the limited onboard energy, the flight time of the DelFly Micro was around 2 to 3 minutes. The DelFly Micro featured in the Guinness book of records 2009 as the smallest airplane in the world equipped with a camera.

The DelFly participated in the 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2013 editions of the Micro Air Vehicle Competitions and was the first vehicle to demonstrate fully autonomous indoor flight.[16]

The DelFly Explorer was created in 2013. It has a stereo vision system that allows autonomous obstacle avoidance even in unknown and unprepared environments.

The DelFly Nimble, presented in 2018, is the first tailless DelFly. It is much more agile than earlier designs; it can hover and fly in any direction up until 7 m/s in forward flight. It has a relatively simple design and is based on commercially of the shelf components and 3D printed parts.

In 2019, a technological spinoff of the Delft University of Technology Flapper Drones developing a commercial version of the DelFly Nimble was funded.

Influence

The DelFly is based on scaling relations for the aerodynamic design of flapping wings,[5] which were discovered in the Dickinson lab at Caltech in collaboration with Wageningen University.[3][17][18] Earlier research in the Dickinson lab[19] also inspired The Robobee, both the Robobee and the DelFly design originated from research with robot models of flying insects.[20] The DelFly influenced the TechJect Dragonfly UAV and FlyTech Dragonfly among many others refer to DelFly developments.

Design challenges

The design of autonomous, light-weight, less than 20 grams flapping wing MAVs poses challenges in various domains, including materials, electronics, control, aerodynamics, computer vision and artificial intelligence. All these domains feed into each other. For example, studies on the design and aerodynamics of the wings have enhanced the efficiency of flight and the amount of generated lift. This allows for a larger payload to be taken on board, such as more onboard sensors and processing. In turn, such onboard processing can be used to perform automatic maneuvers in a wind tunnel, helping to create better models the DelFly and its low Reynolds aerodynamics.

Applications

Flapping wing MAVs have a natural appearance and are inherently safe by means of their low weight and low speeds of the wings. This makes them particularly suitable for indoor flight, also in the presence of humans. Further, flapping wing MAVs can be used as (augmented reality) toys, but other possible applications include inspection of indoor industrial structures or video streaming of the crowd during indoor events. The DelFly flies well indoors with the air conditioning turned off, and outdoors under very low wind conditions.

The exceptional flight capabilities of the DelFly Nimble, combined with its inherent safety and natural appearance, opened up new applications within the entertainment sector. The startup company Flapper Drones is developing the technology further for drone shows during concerts, festivals and within theme parks.

References

  1. ^ Lentink, D., N. L. Bradshaw, and S. R. Jongerius. "Novel micro aircraft inspired by insect flight." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146.4 (2007): S133-S134.
  2. ^ Bradshaw, Nancy L., and David Lentink. "Aerodynamic and structural dynamic identification of a flapping wing micro air vehicle." AIAA conference, Hawaii. 2008.
  3. ^ a b c Lentink, D. "Exploring the biofluiddynamics of swimming and flight." Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen (2008).
  4. ^ a b de Croon, G.C.H.E.; de Clercq, K.M.E.; Ruijsink, R.; Remes, B.; de Wagter, C. (1 June 2009). "Design, aerodynamics, and vision-based control of the DelFly". International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 1 (2): 71–97. doi:10.1260/175682909789498288.
  5. ^ a b Lentink, David, Stefan R. Jongerius, and Nancy L. Bradshaw. "The scalable design of flapping micro-air vehicles inspired by insect flight." Flying insects and robots. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. 185-205.
  6. ^ a b ^ de Croon, G.C.H.E.; de Weerdt, E. ; De Wagter, C. ; Remes, B.D.W. ; Ruijsink, R. (April 2012). "appearance variation cue for obstacle avoidance". Robotics, IEEE Transactions on 28 (2): 529–534. doi:10.1109/TRO.2011.2170754.
  7. ^ de Croon, G.C.H.E., Percin, M., Remes, B.D.W., Ruijsink, R., De Wagter, C., "The DelFly: Design, Aerodynamics, and Artificial Intelligence of a Flapping Wing Robot", Springer, (2015).
  8. ^ "DelFly".
  9. ^ "Smallest camera plane".
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2013-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ De Wagter, C., Tijmons, S., Remes, B.D.W., .de Croon, G.C.H.E. , "Autonomous Flight of a 20-gram Flapping Wing MAV with a 4-gram Onboard Stereo Vision System", at the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2014).
  12. ^ Matěj Karásek, Florian T. Muijres, Christophe De Wagter, Bart D.W. Remes, Guido C.H.E. de Croon: A tailless aerial robotic flapper reveals that flies use torque coupling in rapid banked turns. Science, Vol 361, Iss 6407, 2018.
  13. ^ "Flapper Drones".
  14. ^ De Wagter, Christophe, and J. A. Mulder. "Towards vision-based uav situation awareness." AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. 2005.
  15. ^ "Delfly Micro IEEE Article"
  16. ^ http://www.imavs.org
  17. ^ Lentink, David, and Michael H. Dickinson. "Biofluiddynamic scaling of flapping, spinning and translating fins and wings." Journal of Experimental Biology 212.16 (2009): 2691-2704.
  18. ^ Lentink, David, and Michael H. Dickinson. "Rotational accelerations stabilize leading edge vortices on revolving fly wings." Journal of Experimental Biology 212.16 (2009): 2705-2719.
  19. ^ Dickinson, Michael H., Fritz-Olaf Lehmann, and Sanjay P. Sane. "Wing rotation and the aerodynamic basis of insect flight." Science 284.5422 (1999): 1954-1960.
  20. ^ Lentink, David. "Biomimetics: Flying like a fly." Nature (2013).
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