Ptahhotep
| Ptahhotep | |
|---|---|
| Vizier | |
| Dynasty | 5th Dynasty |
| Pharaoh | Djedkare Isesi |
| Wife | Khamerernebty |
| Children | Akhethotep |
| Burial | A mastaba in Saqqara |
| |||||
| Ptahhotep in hieroglyphs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ptahhotep (Template:Lang-egy piˈtaħħaːtip "Peace of Ptah"), sometimes known as Ptahhotep I or Ptahhotpe, was an ancient Egyptian vizier during the late 25th century BC and early 24th century BC Fifth Dynasty of Egypt.
Life
Ptahhotep was the city administrator and vizier (first minister) during the reign of Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi in the Fifth Dynasty. He is credited with authoring The Maxims of Ptahhotep, an early piece of Egyptian "wisdom literature" meant to instruct young men in appropriate behavior.
He had a son named Akhethetep, who was also a vizier. He and his descendants were buried at Saqqara. However, some believe he was instead buried near the tomb of Cleopatra.[citation needed]
Ptahhotep's tomb is located in a mastaba in North Saqqara (Mastaba D62), where he was laid to rest by himself. His grandson Ptahhetep Tshefi, who lived during the reign of Unas, was buried in the mastaba of his father (Mastaba 64).[1] Their tomb is famous for its outstanding depictions.[2] Next to the vizier's titles he hold many other important positions, such as overseer of the treasury, overseer of scribes of the king's document, overseer of the double granary and overseer of all royal works.[3]
Mastaba
His mastaba is located at Saqqara. The entrance is on the South-east and decorated with two pillars. It follows a room with two further rooms on each side. The middle of the complex is occupied by a court with ten pillars. Going further north, several other rooms follow with one containing the false door of Ptahhotep and an offering table in front of it.[4] Most walls of the mastaba are decorated with reliefs, but mostly only the lower parts of the scenes are preserved. They are mainly showing offerings bearers. The only family member preserved in the tomb decoration is the son Akhhotep. The name of the wife is not preserved.
The Maxims of Ptahhotep
For a long time it was believed by many scholars that Ptahhotep wrote the first book in history. His book was entitled The Maxims of Ptahhotep. As the Vizier, he wrote on a number of topics in his book that were derived from the central concept of Egyptian wisdom and literature which came from the goddess Maat. She was the daughter of the primordial and symbolized both cosmic order and social harmony. Ptahhotep’s instruction was written as advice to his people in the hopes of maintaining this said "social order". He wrote perspicacious advice covering topics from table manners and proper conduct for success in court circles to handy hints to the husband for preserving his wife’s beauty. Ptahhotep also wrote more social instructions such as ways to avoid argumentative persons and cultivate self-control.[5]
There are authors who date the Maxims of Ptahhotep much earlier than the 25th century BC. For instance, Pulitzer Prize winning historian Will Durant dates these writings as early as 2880 BC within The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental History, which was published in 1935. Durant claims that Ptahhotep could be considered the very first philosopher in virtue of having the earliest surviving fragments of moral philosophy (i.e., "The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep").
Ptahhotep's grandson, Ptahhotep Tshefi, is traditionally credited with being the author of the collection of wise sayings known as The Maxims of Ptahhotep,[6] whose opening lines attribute authorship to the vizier Ptahhotep: Instruction of the Mayor of the city, the Vizier Ptahhotep, under the Majesty of King Isesi.[7] They take the form of advice and instructions from a father to his son and are said to have been assembled during the late Old Kingdom. However, their oldest surviving copies are written in Middle Egyptian dating to the late First Intermediate Period of the Middle Kingdom.[8] That means that the book was more likely composed in the Middle Kingdom and the authorship is fictional.[9]
The 1906 translation by Battiscombe Gunn, published as part of the "Wisdom of the East" series, was made directly from the Prisse papyrus in Paris, rather than from copies, and is still in print.[10]
A manuscript copy, the Prisse Papyrus, is on display at the Louvre.
Modern influence
In the popular 1960 book Initiation, Hungarian author and spiritual teacher, Elisabeth Haich, makes the claim that in a past life she was the disciple and niece of Ptahhotep. Also, in an episode of Quantum Leap called "The Curse of Ptah-Hotep", Sam Beckett leaps into an archeologist named Dale Conway as he and a colleague uncover the tomb of Ptah-Hotep, although he is incorrectly referred to as a king rather than a vizier.
References
- ^ Grimal, p.79
- ^ Dieter Arnold, The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B.Tauris 2003, ISBN 1-86064-465-1, p.182
- ^ Strudwick 1985, pp. 87.
- ^ Mourad 2015, p. 77.
- ^ Fontaine, Carole (1981). "A Modern Look at Ancient Wisdom: The Instruction of Ptahhotep Revisited". Biblical Archaeologist. 44 (3): 155–160.
- ^ Grimal, p.79.
- ^ M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, p.61
- ^ James P. Allen, Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0-521-77483-7, p.259.
- ^ Quirke 2004, pp. 90.
- ^ Battiscombe G. Gunn, "The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Instruction of Ke'Gemni The Oldest Books in the World", London, John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1906,
Bibliography
- Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Publishing, 1992
- Mourad, Anna-Latifa (2015). The Tomb of Ptahhotep I. The Australian Centre for Egyptology, Report 37. Oxford: Aris and Phillips Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85668-851-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Quirke, Stephen (2004). Egyptian Literature, 1800BC, questions and readings. G. London: GHP. ISBN 978-0954721862.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Strudwick, Nigel (1985). The administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: the highest titles and their holders (PDF). Studies in Egyptology. London, Boston: KPI. ISBN 978-0-71-030107-9.
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External links
- Works by Ptahhotep at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Ptahhotep at the Internet Archive
- Works by Ptahhotep at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- "Ptah-Hotep", AfricaWithin.com
- Brian Brown (ed.) (1923) The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentano's
- Nigel C. Strudwick (2005). Ronald J. Leprohon (ed.). Texts from the Pyramid Age. Society of Biblical Literature/Brill Academic Publishers. p. 522. ISBN 978-1589831384.
- Marshall Clagett (1989). Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book. Vol. 3. American Philosophical Society. p. 462. ISBN 978-0871692320.
- The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep - AAA Encyclopedia
- Wim van den Dungen. "The Maxims on Good Discourse of Ptahhotep".
