Hispanopithecus
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| Genus: | Hispanopithecus (Villalta & Crusafont, 1944)
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Dryopithecus (Villalta & Crusafont, 1944) | |
Hispanopithecus is a genus of apes that inhabited Europe during the Miocene epoch. It was first identified in a 1944 paper by J. F. Villalta and M. Crusafont in Notas y Comunicaciones del Instituto Geologico y Minero de España. Anthropologists disagree as to whether Hispanopithecus belongs to the subfamily Ponginae (most closely related to modern orangutans) or Homininae (most closely related to gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans).[1][2]
The genus contains two known species: Hispanopithecus laietanus and Hispanopithecus crusafonti. The fossils have been dated to between 11.1 and 9.5 million years ago.[1]
Morphology
Postcranial features exhibit morphological features that suggest a mosaic of locomotive behaviors. The structure of the cortical bone at the proximal and distal ends of the femur, particularly the neck of the femoral head, indicate an orthograde body plan.[3] Recovered vertebrae indicate a relatively short, wide, and deep thorax support the orthograde posture for climbing, clambering, and feeding in an arboreal environment. The longer forelimbs and dorsally situated scapulae provide a broad range of motion which would enable suspensory below-branch behavior and proficiency in reaching food during foraging.[4]
The humeral-ulnar joint allowed for hyperextension and flexion of the forearm.[5] The robust carpals and metacarpals with dorsally extended articular surfaces provide strong indication of palmigrade quadrupedalism in above-branch locomotion. The proximal phalanges are strongly curved and relatively long when compared to other great apes and most closely resembling the structure of extant orangutans. The length and curvature of the manual phalanges indicates the 'double-locking' mechanism similar to orangutans and enable a powerful grip around slender branches.[4][6]
The body mass estimates of recovered specimens provides strong evidence of sexual dimorphism. The males have been estimated to weigh approximately 40 kilograms (88 lb) and possess prominent canine teeth. The females have been estimated to weigh approximately 22–25 kilograms (49–55 lb) and possess reduced canine teeth.[5] The dental formula of Hispanopithecus, common to great apes, is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3 with the Y5 occlusal surface present on the lower molars.[5]
Diet and environment
Analysis of the microwear of the teeth of Hispanopithecus indicate a morphological preference for softer foods, including fruits and possibly young leaves. A combination of surface scratches and pitting are indicative of a mixed diet, lacking many hard foods like nuts and seeds except in times of soft food scarcity and lacking wear patterns common with heavy folivore diets.[7] Linear hypoplasia is common, which would suggest episodes of malnutrition stress during dental development, indicating the need for fall-back foods in the diet when preferred foods are unavailable.[5]
Evidence suggests that the environment of Hispanopithecus on the Iberian Peninsula was tropical to subtropical with marsh-like features. Flora of the period is preserved as samples of evergreen laurels, palms, reeds, and marsh herbs in wet areas and diverse leguminous trees and shrubs in lowland dry areas. Figs have been preserved in the stratographic layer which also contained hominid teeth, which would have been available year-round in the Middle Miocene.[8] The climate changed in the Late Miocene to a cooler, dryer, less tropical environment. This would have brought seasonal change which would have impacted the available food sources of Hispanopithecus, possibly contributing to extinction near this time.[9]
See also
- Dryopithecus – Extinct great ape from Europe
References
- ^ a b Casanovas-Vilar, I.; Alba, D. M.; Garces, M.; Robles, J. M.; Moya-Sola, S. (2011). "Updated chronology for the Miocene hominoid radiation in Western Eurasia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 108 (14): 5554–5559. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.5554C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018562108. PMC 3078397. PMID 21436034.
- ^ Grehan, J. R.; Schwartz, J. H. (2009). "Evolution of the second orangutan: phylogeny and biogeography of hominid origins" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 36 (10): 1823–1844. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02141.x.
- ^ Pina, M, Alba, D, Almécija, S, Fortuny, J, & Moyà-Solà, S 2012, "Brief communication: Paleobiological inferences on the locomotor repertoire of extinct hominoids based on femoral neck cortical thickness: The fossil great ape Hispanopithecus laietanus as a test-case study", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149, 1, p. 142-148, Scopus, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.
- ^ a b Susanna, I, Alba, D, Almécija, S, & Moyà-Solà, S 2014, 'The vertebral remains of the late Miocene great ape Hispanopithecus laietanus from Can Llobateres 2 (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula)', Journal of Human Evolution, 73, p. 15-34, Scopus, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d Alba, D, Almécija, S, Casanovas-Vilar, I, Méndez, J, & Moyà-Solà, S 2012, "A Partial Skeleton of the Fossil Great Ape Hispanopithecus laietanus from Can Feu and the Mosaic Evolution of Crown-Hominoid Positional Behaviors", Plos ONE, 7, 6, pp. 1-16, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.
- ^ Almécija, S, Alba, D, Moyà-Solà, S, & Köhler, M 2007, 'Orang-Like Manual Adaptations in the Fossil Hominoid Hispanopithecus laietanus: First Steps towards Great Ape Suspensory Behaviours', Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 1624, p. 2375, JSTOR Journals, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.
- ^ DeMiguel, D, Alba, D, & Moyà-Solà, S 2014, 'Dietary specialization during the evolution of Western Eurasian hominoids and the extinction of European great apes', Plos ONE, 9, 5, Scopus®, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.
- ^ Alba, D, Casanovas-Vilar, I, Almécija, S, Robles, J, Arias-Martorell, J, & Moyà-Solà, S 2012, 'New dental remains of Hispanopithecus laietanus (Primates: Hominidae) from Can Llobateres 1 and the taxonomy of Late Miocene hominoids from the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula)', Journal of Human Evolution, 63, 1, p. 231-246, Scopus®, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.
- ^ Marmi, J, Casanovas-Vilar, I, Robles, J, Alba, D, & Moyà-Solà, S 2012, 'The paleoenvironment of Hispanopithecus laietanus as revealed by paleobotanical evidence from the Late Miocene of Can Llobateres 1 (Catalonia, Spain)', Journal of Human Evolution, 62, 3, p. 412-423, Scopus®, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 October 2014.