Hesse-Hanau troops in the American Revolutionary War
Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War, in accordance with the treaty of 1776 between Great Britain and the small principality of Hesse-Hanau. One regiment of foot, one artillery company, one ranger corps, and one light infantry corps served in British America. A total of 2,422 soldiers were sent, and 1,441 returned, the remainder either not surviving or choosing to remain in America. As compensation the reigning count of Hesse-Hanau received a total of 343,110 pound sterling from the British government.
Background
At the outbreak of hostilities between Great Britain and her American colonies, Britain soon found that she needed to augment her troops with German auxiliaries, as had been done in previous wars, and was standard European practice.[1] William, the hereditary prince of Hesse-Cassel, and the reigning count of Hesse-Hanau, offered the service of five hundred soldiers to his uncle, king George III of Great Britain. Subsequently a subsidy treaty was negotiated between Great Britain and Hesse-Hanau by Colonel William Faucitt and Baron Friedrich von der Malsburg.[2]
Treaty and additional conventions
The treaty between Hesse-Hanau and Great Britain was concluded February 5, 1776. It stipulated that Hanau would make a corps of infantry of 668 men available to Britain. The corps had to be properly officered, and the men ready for campaign service; the corps fully furnished with tents and equipment. In addition to the oath of fealty already sworn to the hereditary prince as reigning count of Hesse-Hanau, the officers and men should also swear an oath of allegiance to King George III. Hanau would maintain the number of men in the corps through annual recruitment if necessary. Britain would give the corps the same pay and allowances as enjoyed by British troops, and wounded soldiers would be treated in British military hospitals in the same way as British troops. As levy money Britain would pay 30 Banco-Thaler per man. For each man killed, or three man wounded, the same amount would be paid. For each year of service, Britain should pay 25,050 Banco-Thaler to the ruler of Hanau. An additional convention of April 25, 1776 stipulated the raising of a company of artillery of six artillery pieces, and 128 officers and men, for British service. A further convention of February 10, 1777 stipulated the raising of a corps of chasseurs (Jägers) for British service. The corps should only be recruited with professional hunters and good riflemen. In both cases, service would be under the same conditions as agreed on in 1776. The subsidy would be proportionally enlarged.[3] In 1777 a fifth Jäger company was sent, and through yet an additional convention of January 15, 1781 a free corps of 830 light infantry embarked as the last Hanau troops for North America.[4] [5]
Troops raised
Units
The Hesse-Hanau troops serving in British America contained the following units: [6]
- Hessen-Hanauisches Regiment Erbprinz, 1776; Colonel Wilhelm Rudolf von Gall.
- Hessen-Hanauische Artillerie-Kompanie, 1776; Captain Georg Pausch.
- Hessen-Hanauisches Jägerkorps, 1777; Lieutenant-colonel Karl Adolf Christoph von Creutzburg.
- Hessen-Hanauisches Freikorps, 1781; Lieutenant-colonel Michael von Janecke.
Numbers
| Hesse-Hanau in British America | |
|---|---|
| 1776 | 2,038 |
| Recruits sent in April, 1781 | 50 |
| Recruits sent in April 1782 | 334 |
| Total | 2,422 |
| Returned 1783 | 1,441 |
| Did not return | 981 |
| Source: [7] | |
Total amount of subsidies paid for these troops were 3,802,000 Banco-Thaler, or 343,110 pound sterling.[8]
Campaigns
- Erbprinz = Siege of Ticonderoga, Battle of Bennington, Battle of Freeman's Farm, Battle of Bemis Heights.
- Artillery = Battle of Valcour Island, Battle of Bennington, Battle of Freeman's Farm, Battle of Bemis Heights.
- Jägerkorps = Siege of Ticonderoga, Siege of Fort Stanwix, Battle of Oriskany
- Erbprinz and the Artillery became for the most part prisoners of war in the Convention Army.[9]
References
Citations
- ^ Atwood 1980, pp. 1, 21-22.
- ^ Lowell 1884, pp. 15, 20.
- ^ Davenport & Paullin 1937, # 158, 160, 163.
- ^ Kapp 1864, p. 269.
- ^ Lüh 2010, p. 27-28.
- ^ "Hessische Truppen in Amerika." Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
- ^ Lowell 1884, p. 299.
- ^ Eelking 1863, vol. 1, p. 15.
- ^ Lowell 1884, p. 298.
Cited literature
- Atwood, Rodney (1980). The Hessians. Cambridge University Press.
- Davenport, Frances Gardner & Paullin, Charles Oscar (1937). European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its dependencies. Volume IV: 1716-1815. Washington.
- Eelking, Max von (1863). Die deutschen Hülfstruppen im nordamerikanischem Befreiungskriege, 1776 bis 1783. Hannover.
- Kapp, Friedrich (1864). Der Soldatenhandel deutscher Fürsten nach Amerika, 1775 bis 1783. Berlin.
- Lowell, Edward J. (1884). The Hessians. New York.
- Lüh, Jörgen (2010). "Graf Wilhelm von Hanau und seine 'Soldatenspilerei.' " Monarchen und ihr Militär. Heinemann, W. & Pöhlmann, M. (eds.). Militärgeschichtlisches Forschungsamt