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The barge Pathfinder, pushed by the tugboat Dorothy Ann, entering the Port of Cleveland in June 2017. The Pathfinder was built in 1952 as the J. L. Mauthe for Pickands Mather's subsidiary, the Interlake Steamship Co.

The list of ships owned and operated by Pickands Mather consists of barges and freighters operating on the Great Lakes in the United States and Canada. Vessels include those owned by the Marine Department of Pickands Mather & Company from the company's founding in 1883 until its sale to Diamond Shamrock Corporation in 1968; those owned by Diamond Shamrock Corporation until the sale of the subsidiary to Moore-McCormack Resources in 1973; those owned by Moore-McCormack Resources until the sale of the Pickands Mather subsidiary to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. in 1986; and those owned by Cleveland-Cliffs until the spinoff of the Interlake Steamship Company subsidiary in 1987.

The list includes vessels owned personally by the owners of Pickands Mather[a] and directly by Pickands Mather, as well as those owned by its subsidiaries. These include some vessels owned by the Interlake Steamship Company. This company was a subsidiary of Pickands Mather from the subsidiary's founding in 1894 until its spinning off as an independent corporation in 1987. It does not include vessels operated by Interlake Steamship since 1987. It also does not includes vessels operated by other companies prior to their merger with Interlake, but does include those brought to the merger with Interlake and thereafter operated by Interlake.

Freighters

Name Class and type Owner In service Out of service Fate
Cetus Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1903;[5][b] 1927[9][c] 1923;[8][d] 1943[5] Reconstructed in 1928;[6] traded to the United States Maritime Commission for a new vessel;[5] scrapped 1946.[6]
Charles M. Beeghly Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter[e] Interlake Steamship Company[11] 1967[12][13][f] 1987[15] Sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout;[15] repowered in 2009;[12] renamed Hon. James L. Oberstar in 2011.[13]
Col. James M. Schoonmaker Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1969[g] 1972[h] Sold to Cleveland-Cliffs and renamed Willis B. Boyer;[18] retired from service in 1980; renamed Col. James M. Schoonmaker in 2011 and now a ship museum in Toledo.[19]
Corvus Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1913[20][i] 1943[5] Reconstructed in 1925;[6] traded to the United States Maritime Commission for a new vessel;[5] scrapped 1946.[6]
Cygnus Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1913[20][j] 1943[5] Reconstructed in 1925;[23] traded to the United States Maritime Commission for a new vessel;[5] scrapped 1946.[23]
Cyprus Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Lackawanna Steamship Company[k] 1907[25] 1907[25] Foundered October 11, 1907, off Deer Park, Michigan, in Lake Superior.[25]
E. A. S. Clarke Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1916[26][l] 1970[30] Formerly the Interlake vessel H.P. Bope; renamed E.A.S. Clarke in 1916;[26] sold in 1970 to Kinsman Marine Transit Co.[30] and renamed Kinsman Voyager;[31] sold for scrap in 1975[32] and towed to Hamburg, Germany; used as storage barge and scrapped in Spain in 1978.[33]
E. G. Grace Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[34] 1943[5][m] 1976[36] Retired in 1976; scrapped in 1984.[36]
Elton Hoyt 2nd (1906)[n] Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[11] 1930[37][o] 1966[41] Renamed Alex D. Chisholm in 1952; sold to Medusa Portland Cement in 1966 and renamed Medusa Challenger in 1967;[41] went through several ownership and name changes, and now named St. Mary's Challenger and owned by St. Mary's Cement Inc.[42]
Elton Hoyt 2nd (1952)[p] Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[11] 1952[43] 1987[15] Lengthened by 72 feet (22 m) in 1957; converted to self-unloader in 1980;[43] sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout.[15]
Frank Armstrong Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[44] 1943[45][q] 1976[44][r] Converted to oil in 1973;[46] renamed Samuel Mather;[46] sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout.[15]
Frank Purnell (1943; later Steelton) Flat-deck bulk carrier Interlake Steamship Company[47] 1943[48][s] 1966[49] Traded to Bethlehem Steel for the Steelton; renamed Steelton in 1966;[49] sold to Medusa Cement in 1978, and renamed C.T.C. No. 1.[50][t]
Frank Purnell (1943; formerly Steelton) Flat-deck bulk carrier Interlake Steamship Company[49] 1966[49][u] 1970[47] Sold in 1970 to Oglebay Norton's Columbia Transportation Division[47] and renamed Robert C. Norton; scrapped in 1994.[52]
H.P. Bope Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1913[20][v] 1916[26] Renamed E.A.S. Clarke in 1916.[26]
Harry Coulby (1927) Flat-deck bulk carrier[53] Interlake Steamship Company[54] 1927[55] 1987[15] Converted to oil in 1977;[56] sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout;[15] sold to Kinsman Lines, Inc. in 1989 and renamed Kinsman Enterprise; scrapped in 2002.[57]
Herbert C. Jackson Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[11] 1959[58] 1987[59] Sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout.[59]
Hydrus (1913) Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1913[w] 1913[60] Foundered about November 8, 1913, on the Michigan side of Lake Huron during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913.[60]
Hydrus (1916) Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1916[x] 1926[y] Sold in 1926 to Paterson Steamships, Ltd.; renamed Windoc in 1927; retired and sold for scrap in 1967.[64][65]
J. L. Mauthe Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1952[66] 1987[67] Sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout;[67] converted in 1998 to self-unloading barge Pathfinder.[68]
James R. Barker Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1976[69] 1987[z] Sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout.[67]
John Sherwin Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[11] 1958[71] 1987[67] Lengthened in 1972;[11] sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout.[67]
Lagonda Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter[aa] Interlake Steamship Company[74] 1916[74][ab] 1941[77] Sold to the American Steamship Company in 1941;[77] scrapped in 1958.[73]
Mesabi Miner Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[78] 1977[79] 1987[67] Sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout.[67]
Moses Taylor Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[74] 1916[74][ac] 1926[81] Sold in 1926 to Paterson Steamships Ltd.,[81] named changed to Soodoc,[82] scrapped in 1968.[83]
Pathfinder Whaleback steamship Huron Barge Co.[ad] 1892[86] 1920[87] Sold to Nicholson-Universal Steamship Co.; converted to flat-deck carrier in 1924, sold for scrap in 1933.[87]
Pegasus Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship[88] Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1916[89][ae] 1943[5] Reconstructed in 1925; traded to the U.S. Maritime Commission in 1943;[5] scrapped in 1946.[91]
Robert R. Rhodes Wooden bulk steamship Pickands Mather 1889[af] 1900[ag] Wrecked October 24, 1921, after striking the upper gates to Lock 3 in the Welland Canal.[94]
Samuel Mather (1887) Wooden bulk steamship Pickands Mather 1887[ah] 1891[95][96] Sank November 21, 1891, in Whitefish Bay, Lake Superior, after colliding with the Brazil.[95][96]
Samuel Mather (1892) Self-propelled whaleback barge built to carry iron ore. Pickands Mather 1892[97] 1924 Refitted as self-unloader in 1923–1924;[98] sank September 21–22, 1924, sank off Thunder Bay Island, Michigan, in Lake Huron.[99]
Samuel Mather (1976) Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[44] 1976[44][ai] 1987[15] Converted to oil in 1973;[46] sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout;[15] sold for scrap in 1988.[44]
Saturn Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship[100] Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1916

[aj]

1943[5] Reconstructed in 1913;[91] traded to the U.S. Maritime Commission in 1943;[5] scrapped in 1947.[91]
Taurus Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship[102] Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1913[20][ak] 1943[5] Reconstructed in 1925;[6] traded to the U.S. Maritime Commission in 1943;[5] scrapped in 1946.[6]
V. H. Ketchum Wooden bulk steamship Pickands Mather 1883[al] 1892[108][am] Sold to other investors;[an] last owned by Seither Transit Company; burned in 1905 off Ile Parisienne, Whitefish Bay, Lake Superior.[104]
Vega Steel-hulled bulk freight steamship[110] Interlake Steamship Company[5] 1916[89]

[ao]

1943[5] Traded to the U.S. Maritime Commission in 1943;[5] scrapped in 1946.[112]
Venus Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1913[113][ap] 1941[116] Reconstructed and fitted with cranes in 1927;[117] leased to Boland & Cornelius in 1941;[116] sold to Lake Shore Steel of Chicago in 1958;[118] scrapped in 1961.[117]
William B. Davock Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company[aq] 1915[ar] 1940[120][121] Foundered November 11, 1940, off Little Sable Point Light on the Michigan side of Lake Michigan.[120][121]
William J. De Lancey Conventional dry bulk Lake freighter Interlake Steamship Company 1981[122] 1987[as] Sold in 1987 as part of the spin off of the Interlake Steamship Company in a management buyout;[15] renamed Paul R. Tregurtha in 1990.[123]

Barges

Name Class and type Owner In service Out of service Fate
Buffalo Unpowered sailless barge Pickands Mather 1898[124][at][au] 1908[av] Retired/scrapped.
Sagamore (1892) Whaleback steamship barge Huron Barge Co. 1892[132] 1901[133] Sank 29 July 1901 near Iroquois Point on the Michigan side of Whitefish Bay, Lake Superior, in a collision with the Northern Queen.[133]
Sagamore (1904) Unpowered sailless steel barge Huron Barge Co. 1903[134][aw] 1922[135][ax] Sold in 1922 to Pringle Barge Line; sold in 1947 to N.M. Peterson and renamed Kenordoc; scrapped in 1957.[135]
Tycoon Unpowered sailless barge Pickands Mather 1901[136][ay] 1916[138] Not known.

References

Notes
  1. ^ Until the early 1900s, it was common for a single individual or group of individuals to own a Great Lakes cargo ship. But after 1900, ownership passed almost exclusively to corporations.[1][2][3][4]
  2. ^ The vessel was built in 1903. It was originally named the "Henry S. Sill",[6][7] and owned by J.C. Gilchrist.[7][8] She was purchased by Interlake Steamship Co. the same year and renamed Cetus.[6]
  3. ^ Interlake Steamship instituted foreclosure proceedings against Forest City Steamship after the latter company failed to make payments on the vessel.[9]
  4. ^ Cetus was sold to the Forest City Steamship Co. in October 1923[8] and renamed the Samuel H. Squire.[10]
  5. ^ She was lengthened by 96 feet (29 m) in 1972,[11] and converted to a self-unloader in 1981.[12]
  6. ^ Built in 1959 as Shenango II.[13][14]
  7. ^ The vessel was built in 1911 and owned by the Shenango Furnace Company.[16] She was sold to the Interlake Steamship Company in 1969.[17]
  8. ^ The vessel was sold to Cleveland-Cliffs in 1972.[18]
  9. ^ The vessel was built in 1903 as the J. L. Weeks for Gilchrist Transportation Co.[21] She became part of the Interlake fleet when Interlake absorbed Gilchrist in 1913.[20]
  10. ^ The vessel was built in 1903 as the J. C. Gilchrist for Gilchrist Transportation Co.[22] She became part of the Interlake fleet when Interlake abosorbed Gilchrist in 1913.[20]
  11. ^ The Lackawanna Steamship Company was a subsidiary of Pickands Mather which incorporated in 1906. It changed its name to the Interlake Steamship Company in 1913.[24]
  12. ^ The vessel was built in 1907 for the Standard Steamship Co.,[27] one of the "Wolvin fleets".[28] Standard Steamship was on of eight firms which merged to form Interlake Steamship in 1913.[20][29] The Bope was renamed E.A.S. Clarke" in April 1916.[26]
  13. ^ The vessel was built by the U.S. Maritime Commission, and intended to be traded to Bethlehem Steel in exchange for obsolete ships.[35] Interlake purchased the vessel instead.[34]
  14. ^ Not to be confused with the Elton Hoyt 2nd built in 1952.
  15. ^ Built in 1906 for the Shenango Furnace Co. as the William P. Snyder.[38][39] Sold to Stewart Furnace Co. in June 1926 and renamed Elton Hoyt 2nd,[37] then sold again in September 1929 to Youngstown Steamship Co.[40] In both cases, ship was managed by Pickands Mather.[37] Interlake Steamship purchased the vessel in 1930.[37]
  16. ^ Not to be confused with the SS St. Marys Challenger, a vessel built in 1906 and renamed Elton Hoyt 2nd by the Stewart Furnace Co. in June 1926 and the Alex D. Chisholm in 1952.
  17. ^ The vessel was built by the U.S. Maritime Commission as the Pilot Knob. She was renamed Frank Armstrong after Interlake took possession of her in May 1943.[45]
  18. ^ Renamed Samuel Mather 1976); see below.[46]
  19. ^ This vessel was built by the United States Maritime Commission[48] and christened McIntyre. She was renamed Frank Purnell before her maiden voyage.[43]
  20. ^ Cleveland-Cliffs briefly chartered it in 1979 and renamed the vessel Pioneer, but the ship was returned to Medusa Cement that year and resumed the C.T.C. No. 1 name.[50]
  21. ^ This vessel was built by the United States Maritime Commission in 1943, and christened Pilot Knob. She was renamed Steelton before her maiden voyage.[51] She was traded in 1966 to Interlake Steamship for the Frank Purnell, and converted into a self-unloader.[49]
  22. ^ The vessel was built in 1907 for the Standard Steamship Co.,[27] one of the "Wolvin fleets".[28] Standard Steamship was on of eight firms which merged to form Interlake Steamship in 1913.[20][29]
  23. ^ The vessel was constructed in 1903 as the R.E. Schuck, and initially owned by Gilchrist Transportation Co. of Cleveland.[60] Gilchrist and six other shipping firms merged with the Interlake Company (a subsidiary of Pickands Mather) in April 1913 to form the Interlake Steamship Company.[61]
  24. ^ The ship was built in 1899 as the M.A. Hanna for the Cleveland Steamship Co.[62] During the winter of 1915–1916, Interlake Steamship Company purchased the vessel and renamed it the Hydrus.[63]
  25. ^ Interlake sold the Hydrus to Paterson Steamships, Ltd. of Fort William, Ontario, Canada.[64]
  26. ^ Moore-McCormack spun off the shipping division of Pickands Mather as the Interlake Steamship Company in 1987.[67][70]
  27. ^ The ship was reconstructed to carry metal scrap[72] and fitted with a crane in 1926.[73]
  28. ^ The ship was built in 1896 for the Cleveland Steamship Co.,[75] also known as the "Mitchell Fleet" after the builder of most of its vessels, Captain John Mitchell.[76]
  29. ^ The ship was built in 1902 for the Cleveland Steamship Co.,[80] also known as the "Mitchell Fleet" after the builder of most of its vessels, Captain John Mitchell.[76]
  30. ^ Pickands Mather incorporated the Huron Barge Company as its subsidiary in December 1891.[84][85]
  31. ^ The vessel was built in 1902 as the William H. Gratwick for John Mitchell, owner of the Mitchell Steamship Company.[90] Interlake Steamship purchased the Mitchell company and all its ships in January 1916.[89] Interlake renamed it the Pegasus.[91]
  32. ^ The ship was built by the Cleveland Dry Dock Co. for a group of investors in 1887.[92] In 1889, Pickands Mather purchased a 1/8th share[93] from these investors.[84]
  33. ^ The vessel was sold to shipping investor John W. Moore of Mentor, Ohio.[94]
  34. ^ Pickands Mather did not own the ship outright, but had a 1/48th share.[93] Interlake also had a share.[95]
  35. ^ Formerly the Frank Armstrong; see above.
  36. ^ The vessel was built in 1901 as the Walter Scranton for John Mitchell, owner of the Etna Steamship Company.[90][101] Interlake Steamship purchased the Mitchell company and all its ships in January 1916.[89] Interlake renamed it the Pegasus.[91]
  37. ^ This vessel was originally built in 1903 for the Gilchrist Transportation Co.[103] She became part of the Interlake fleet when Interlake abosorbed Gilchrist in 1913.[20] Interlake renamed her Taurus.[6]
  38. ^ This vessel was built in 1874 for the Toledo & Saginaw Transportation Co. Her construction was funded by a number of investors.[104][105] Pickands Mather purchased a 13/20th share in the Ketchum in 1883.[106] This was the first ship in the Pickands fleet.[107] Great Lakes ship historian Rodney H. Mills, however, says Pickands Mather did not purchase their shares until 1887. In 1889, Interlake purchased a 63/80th interest in the vessel.[105]
  39. ^ Pickands Mather sold the ship in 1892[109] to Captain William Mack.[108]
  40. ^ Mack sold his interest in the ship to Lakewood Transportation Co. in 1896, and Lakewood sold to Seither Transit in 1900.[105]
  41. ^ The vessel was built in 1905 as the Pendennis White for John Mitchell, owner of the Mitchell Steamship Company.[111] Interlake Steamship purchased the Mitchell company and all its ships in January 1916.[89] Interlake renamed it the Pegasus.[112]
  42. ^ The vessel was built in 1901 for the Globe Steamship Co.,[114] which merged with Gilchrist Transportation in 1903.[115] Gilchrist Transportation merged into Interlake Steamship in 1913.[113]
  43. ^ This subsidiary of Pickands Mather was formed in 1894 as the Interlake Company, and changed its name to Interlake Steamship Company in 1913.[119]
  44. ^ Completed in 1907 for the Vulcan Steamship Co., she was purchased by the Interlake Steamship Company in 1915, and reconstructed in 1922–1923.[120]
  45. ^ Moore-McCormack spun off the shipping division of Pickands Mather as the Interlake Steamship Company in 1987.[67][70]
  46. ^ Originally built in 1890.[125]
  47. ^ The first record of Pickands Mather's ownership of the Buffalo is in 1898.[124]
  48. ^ There is a continuous record of ownership by Pickands Mather through 1908. The vessel then no longer appears in registries.[125][126][127][128][129][130][131]
  49. ^ The vessel was built as the David Z. Norton in 1898 for the Wilson Transit Company.[135] It was sold to the Huron Barge Co. in 1903,[134] and renamed Sagamore.[135]
  50. ^ Huron Barge Co. merged with Interlake Steamship Co. in 1913, and Sagamore became part of Interlake's fleet. Interlake sold the vessel to the Pringle Barge Line in 1922.[135]
  51. ^ The vessel was first built in 1895.[137]
Citations
  1. ^ Lorimer 2005, pp. 51–52.
  2. ^ Ashworth 1987, p. 110.
  3. ^ McDowell & Gibbs 1999, pp. 276–277.
  4. ^ Blume 2012, pp. 440–441.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Joachim 1994, p. 104.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Devendorf 1996, p. 104.
  7. ^ a b "Two More Large Vessels Afloat". The Plain Dealer. October 18, 1903. p. 10.
  8. ^ a b c Callahan, George V. (October 25, 1923). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 12.
  9. ^ a b Callahan, George V. (October 4, 1927). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 25.
  10. ^ Callahan, George V. (March 18, 1924). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 21.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Bawal 2011, p. 22.
  12. ^ a b c Wallbank, Derek (March 7, 2011). "Introducing the new, super-sized 'Hon. James L. Oberstar'". Minnesota Post. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c "What's In A Name?". Ships Monthly. June 2011. p. 19. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  14. ^ Bawal 2011, pp. 22, 91.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Maritime Administration 1988, p. 170.
  16. ^ "Giant Steamer Is King of the Lakes". The Plain Dealer. July 2, 1911. p. 4.
  17. ^ Blossom, Stephen A. (March 14, 1969). "Ore Boat Chartered By Republic Steel". The Plain Dealer. p. C8.
  18. ^ a b "Cliffs Buys Ship". The Plain Dealer. December 23, 1971. p. C4.
  19. ^ Patch, David (July 1, 2011). "S.S. Boyer's name change to Schoonmaker a part of weekend festivities". Toledo Blade. Retrieved September 22, 2017; Patch, David (October 28, 2012). "Museum ship is tugged to new spot on Maumee". Toledo Blade. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Interlake Steamship Co". Marine Review. May 1913. p. 184. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  21. ^ Greenwood 1973, p. 330.
  22. ^ "Around the Great Lakes". Marine Review. October 15, 1903. p. 27. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  23. ^ a b Devendorf 1996, p. 103.
  24. ^ Moody's Investors Service 1930, p. 675.
  25. ^ a b c Stonehouse 1985, p. 131.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Marine News". Buffalo Commercial. April 25, 1916. p. 9.
  27. ^ a b "Three Big Launchings Scheduled for Tomorrow". Buffalo Enquirer. October 18, 1907. p. 4.
  28. ^ a b "Refuses Longer To Hold Office". The Plain Dealer. February 8, 1911. p. 11.
  29. ^ a b Beeson 1914, p. 181.
  30. ^ a b Blossom, Stephen A. (March 3, 1970). "Ore Carrier Bought by Kinsman". The Plain Dealer. p. B8.
  31. ^ Blossom, Stephen A. (May 5, 1970). "Canada Is Reorganizing Department of Transport". The Plain Dealer. p. B11.
  32. ^ Gillham, Skip (December 28, 1975). "Ships That Ply the Lakes". Port Huron Times-Herald. p. 2.
  33. ^ Devendorf 1996, p. 122.
  34. ^ a b Dean, Jewell R. (October 2, 1943). "Lake Ore Movement Sets September High". The Plain Dealer. p. 16.
  35. ^ Dean, Jewell R. (June 16, 1943). "Second Lake Freighter Sunk in Day After Crash With Cleveland Vessel". The Plain Dealer. p. 5.
  36. ^ a b Devendorf 1996, p. 167.
  37. ^ a b c d Bawal 2009, p. 9.
  38. ^ Devendorf 1996, p. 110.
  39. ^ Thompson 1994, pp. 128–129.
  40. ^ Callahan, George V. (September 29, 1929). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. A14.
  41. ^ a b Bawal 2009, p. 10.
  42. ^ Bawal 2009, pp. 11–13.
  43. ^ a b c Devendorf 1996, p. 172.
  44. ^ a b c d e Joachim 1994, p. 106.
  45. ^ a b Dean, Jewell R. (May 27, 1943). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 18.
  46. ^ a b c d Devendorf 1996, p. 164.
  47. ^ a b c Bawal 2011, p. 32.
  48. ^ a b Dean, Jewell R. (August 26, 1943). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 9; Dean, Jewell R. (August 28, 1943). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 10.
  49. ^ a b c d e Blossom, Stephen A. (January 11, 1966). "New York Firm Buys 2 More 'Old Lakers'". The Plain Dealer. p. 25.
  50. ^ a b Bawal 2009, p. 11.
  51. ^ Dean, Jewell R. (October 23, 1943). "Bethlehem Purchases 2 U.S.-Built Ore Ships". The Plain Dealer. p. 3.
  52. ^ Devendorf 1996, p. 166.
  53. ^ Brown 2008, p. 278.
  54. ^ Joachim 1994, p. 14.
  55. ^ "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. May 1, 1927. p. 23.
  56. ^ Devendorf 1996, p. 154.
  57. ^ Brown 2008, p. 279.
  58. ^ Hendrickson, Homer (February 20, 1959). "689-Foot Ore Carrier Launched At Detroit". The Plain Dealer. p. 38.
  59. ^ a b Lindberg, Brad (April 11, 2013). "A century of shipping". Grosse Pointe News. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  60. ^ a b c Ellison, Garrett (November 9, 2015). "Wreck of the Hydrus, lost in 1913 storm, discovered in Lake Huron". Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  61. ^ "Inter-Lake Steamship Company Formed, Controlling 56 Freighters". The New York Times. April 26, 1913. p. 13.
  62. ^ "Named For The Senetor". The Plain Dealer. January 19, 1899. p. 6.
  63. ^ "Great Lakes Red Book". The Marine Review. May 1916. p. 174. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  64. ^ a b "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. November 20, 1926. p. 11.
  65. ^ Greenwood 1973, p. 490.
  66. ^ Bawal 2008, p. 6.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bawal 2011, p. 25.
  68. ^ Bawal 2008, p. 8.
  69. ^ Blossom, Stephen A. (May 16, 1976). "1st 1,000-Footer Built On Lakes Almost Ready". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
  70. ^ a b Whelan, Ned (November–December 2012). "Ruling the Waves". Inside Business. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  71. ^ Bawal 2011, p. 91.
  72. ^ Callahan, George V. (January 15, 1927). "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. p. 19.
  73. ^ a b Greenwood 1973, p. 39.
  74. ^ a b c d "Inter-Lake Buys $3,000,000 Fleet". The Plain Dealer. December 31, 1915. p. 13.
  75. ^ Beeson 1909, p. 48.
  76. ^ a b "Line Boat Merger To Be Known Soon". The Plain Dealer. January 7, 1916. p. 17.
  77. ^ a b Devendorf 1996, pp. 86, 198–199.
  78. ^ Bawal 2011, p. 28.
  79. ^ "Miner". The Plain Dealer. June 12, 1977. p. Section 7–4.
  80. ^ "Another Big Ship Ordered". The Plain Dealer. September 17, 1902. p. 8.
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  82. ^ "Marine News". The Plain Dealer. March 16, 1927. p. 26.
  83. ^ Blossom, Stephen A. (August 28, 1968). "Many Obsolete Bulk Carriers Being Sold, Towed Overseas". The Plain Dealer. p. 33.
  84. ^ a b Havighurst 1958, p. 41.
  85. ^ "Shipping News". The Plain Dealer. December 29, 1891. p. 6.
  86. ^ Wright 1969, p. 69.
  87. ^ a b Devendorf 1996, pp. 79, 212, 215–216.
  88. ^ U.S. Bureau of Navigation 1917, p. 156.
  89. ^ a b c d e "Interlake Offers New Stock At 120". The Plain Dealer. January 7, 1916. p. 16.
  90. ^ a b Lloyd's Register 1902, p. 938.
  91. ^ a b c d e Devendorf 1996, p. 95.
  92. ^ Mills 2002, p. 126.
  93. ^ a b Bowlus 2010, pp. 137–138.
  94. ^ a b McCormick 1972, p. 90.
  95. ^ a b c Mills 2002, p. 131.
  96. ^ a b Wolff 1979, p. 65.
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  98. ^ Greenwood 1997, p. 6.
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  103. ^ Van der Linden & Bascom 1984, p. 388.
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Bibliography

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