Picornavirales

Picornavirales
	Electronmicrograph of Foot-and-mouth disease virus
	Structure of the Cowpea mosaic virus
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Pisuviricota
Class:	Pisoniviricetes
Order:	Picornavirales

Picornavirales is an order of viruses with vertebrate, insect, algal or plant hosts.^[1] The name has a dual etymology.^[2] First, picorna- is an acronym for poliovirus, insensitivity to ether, coxsackievirus, orphan virus, rhinovirus, and ribonucleic acid.^[2] Secondly, pico-, meaning extremely small, combines with RNA to describe these very small RNA viruses.^[2]

Characteristics

The families within this order share a number of common features:

The virions are non-enveloped, icosahedral, and about 30 nanometers in diameter.
The capsid has a "pseudo T=3" structure, and is composed of 60 protomers each made of three similar-sized but nonidentical beta barrels.
The genome is made of one or a few single-stranded RNA(s) serving directly as mRNA, without overlapping open reading frames.
The genome has a small protein, VPg, covalently attached to its 5' end, and usually a poly-adenylated 3' end.
Each genome RNA is translated into polyprotein(s) yielding mature viral proteins through one or several virus-encoded proteinase(s).
A hallmark of the Picornavirales is a conserved module of sequence domains, Hel-Pro-Pol, which is typical of (from the amino- to the carboxy-end of the polyprotein):
- A Helicase belonging to superfamily III
- [the VPg is encoded between these two domains]
- A chymotrypsin-like Proteinase where the catalytic residue is typically a cysteine rather than a serine,
- A polymerase belonging to superfamily I; this conserved module is a hallmark of the Picornavirales

The evolution of picorna-like viruses seems to have antedated the separation of eukaryotes into the extant crown groups.^[3]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of representative viruses from order *Picornavirales*

The following families are recognized:^[4]

References

^ Le Gall, Olivier; Christian, Peter; Fauquet, Claude M.; King, Andrew M. Q.; Knowles, Nick J.; Nakashima, Nobuhiko; Stanway, Glyn; Gorbalenya, Alexander E. (2008-04-01). "Picornavirales, a proposed order of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a pseudo-T = 3 virion architecture". Archives of Virology. 153 (4): 715–27. doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0041-x. PMID 18293057.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Picornaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Koonin, Eugene V.; Wolf, Yuri I.; Nagasaki, Keizo; Dolja, Valerian V. (2008). "The Big Bang of picorna-like virus evolution antedates the radiation of eukaryotic supergroups". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 (12): 925–939. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2030. PMID 18997823.
^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

External links

[1] Le Gall, Olivier; Christian, Peter; Fauquet, Claude M.; King, Andrew M. Q.; Knowles, Nick J.; Nakashima, Nobuhiko; Stanway, Glyn; Gorbalenya, Alexander E. (2008-04-01). "Picornavirales, a proposed order of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a pseudo-T = 3 virion architecture". Archives of Virology. 153 (4): 715–27. doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0041-x. PMID 18293057.

[etymology-2] "Picornaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2019.

[3] Koonin, Eugene V.; Wolf, Yuri I.; Nagasaki, Keizo; Dolja, Valerian V. (2008). "The Big Bang of picorna-like virus evolution antedates the radiation of eukaryotic supergroups". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 (12): 925–939. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2030. PMID 18997823.

[4] "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]