Brewer's blackbird

Brewer's blackbird
	male
	female
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Genus:	Euphagus
Species:	E. cyanocephalus
Binomial name
	Euphagus cyanocephalus; (Wagler, 1829)
	Range of E. cyanocephalus Breeding range Year-round range Wintering range
Synonyms
	Euphagus affinis (Shufeldt, 1892)

Female Brewer's blackbird calls

Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is a medium-sized New World blackbird. It is named after the ornithologist Thomas Mayo Brewer.

Description

Adult males have black plumage with an iridescent purple head and neck and glossy bluish-green highlights on the rest of the body. The feet and legs are black and the eye is bright yellow. The female is brownish-grey with slight hints of the male's iridescence. The female's eye is dark brown, while the male's is bright yellow. Overall, they resemble the eastern member of the same genus, the rusty blackbird; Brewer's blackbird however has a shorter bill and the male's head is iridescent purple.^[2] This bird is often mistaken for the common grackle but has a shorter tail. The call is a sharp check which is also distinguishable. This bird is in a different family from the Eurasian blackbird.

Standard Measurements^[3]^[4]
length	8–10.3 in (200–260 mm)
weight	63 g (2.2 oz)
wingspan	15.5 in (390 mm)
wing	121–133 mm (4.8–5.2 in)
tail	95–102.5 mm (3.74–4.04 in)
culmen	20.4–24 mm (0.80–0.94 in)
tarsus	29.5–33.5 mm (1.16–1.32 in)

Habitat

Their breeding habitat is open and semi-open areas, often near water, across central and western North America. The cup nest can be located in various locations: in a tree, in tall grass or on a cliff. They often nest in colonies. They are also very common in parking lots, and easily acclimate to the presence of people.^[5]

These birds are often permanent residents in the west. Other birds migrate to the southeastern United States and Mexico. The range of this bird has been expanding east in the Great Lakes region.^[6]

Feeding

They forage in shallow water or in fields, mainly eating seeds and insects, some berries. They sometimes catch insects in flight. They feed in flocks outside of the breeding season, sometimes with other blackbirds.

Protected Status

Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is protected in the USA under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918,^[7] however exceptions are granted under 50 CFR part 21 (2014) ^[8] for animals committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner that they are a health hazard or other nuisance.

Gallery

E. cyanocephalus male.
E. cyanocephalus female.
The iridescent purple head of the male is a distinguishing feature.
Male, Nevada, US
Male, Oregon, US

References

^ BirdLife International (2012). "Euphagus cyanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help){{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
^ Peterson, Roger Tory; Peterson, Virginia Marie (2002). Birds of Eastern and Central North America (5th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p. 310. ISBN 0-395-74047-9.
^ Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 359.
^ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 514. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
^ "Brewer's Blackbird". Audubon Guide to North American Birds. National Audubon Society. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ Stepney, P.H.R.; Power, Dennis M. (December 1973). "Analysis of the Eastward Breeding Expansion of Brewer's Blackbird Plus General Aspects of Avian Expansions" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 85 (4): 452–464.
^ "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013". US Fish & Wildlife Service.
^ https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/policies-and-regulations/BlackbirdFinal2014.pdf

External links

Brewer's Blackbird Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Brewer's Blackbird – Euphagus cyanocephalus – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
BirdLife species factsheet for Euphagus cyanocephalus
"Brewer's blackbird media". Internet Bird Collection.
Brewer's blackbird photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Audio recordings of Brewer's blackbird on Xeno-canto.

[1] BirdLife International (2012). "Euphagus cyanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help){{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)

[Peterson-2] Peterson, Roger Tory; Peterson, Virginia Marie (2002). Birds of Eastern and Central North America (5th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p. 310. ISBN 0-395-74047-9.

[BOC-3] Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 359.

[Sibley-4] Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 514. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.

[5] "Brewer's Blackbird". Audubon Guide to North American Birds. National Audubon Society. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

[Stepney-6] Stepney, P.H.R.; Power, Dennis M. (December 1973). "Analysis of the Eastward Breeding Expansion of Brewer's Blackbird Plus General Aspects of Avian Expansions" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 85 (4): 452–464.

[fws-7] "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013". US Fish & Wildlife Service.

[8] ttps://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/policies-and-regulations/BlackbirdFinal2014.pdf

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