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Craig Breedlove

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Craig Breedlove c. 1968
Spirit of America originally on exhibit at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago

Craig Breedlove (born March 23, 1937) is an American professional race car driver and a five-time world land speed record holder. He was the first person in history to reach 500 mph (800 km/h), and 600 mph (970 km/h), using several turbojet-powered vehicles, all named Spirit of America.

Land vehicle speed records

In 1962,[1] he made his first attempt, in a freewheeling tricycle (ignoring FIA rules requiring four wheels, at least two driven; in the event, FIM happily accepted it)[1] powered by a General Electric J47 turbojet engine.[1] On August 5, 1963, this first Spirit made its first record attempt, using just 90% of available thrust to reach 388.47 mph (625.18 km/h) over the measured mile.[1] The return pass, on 95% power,[1] turned up a two-way average of 407.45 mph (655.73 km/h).[1] Spirit of America was so light on the ground that it did not even need to change tires afterward.[1]

For 1964, Breedlove faced competition from Walt Arfons' Wingfoot Express (piloted by Tom Green),[1] as well as from brother Art Arfons in his four-wheel, FIA-legal Green Monster.[1] With more engine power, Breedlove upped the record to 468.72 mph (754.33 km/h) "[w]ith almost insolent ease",[1] then to 526.28 mph (846.97 km/h),[1] making him the first man to exceed 500 mph (800 km/h).[1] This pass was not without incident, however, for one of his drogue parachute's shroud lines parted, and Spirit of America ran on for 5 mi (8.0 km) before hitting a telegraph pole and coming to rest in a lake.[1] This record stood all of twelve days before Green Monster broke it, recording a two-run average of 536.71 mph (863.75 km/h).[1]

In response, Breedlove built an FIA-legal four-wheeler, Sonic I, powered by a 15,000 lbf (67 kN) J79 turbojet.[1][2] November 2, 1965, Breedlove entered the FIA record book with a two-run average of 555.483 mph (893.963 km/h).[1] This lasted even less time than before, for Green Monster came back five days later at 576.553 mph (927.872 km/h).[1] On November 15, Breedlove responded with a 600.601 mph (966.574 km/h) record (after turning in an amazing 608.201 mph (978.805 km/h) return pass),[1] which held until 1970.[1] (It would be broken by Gary Gabelich's Blue Flame, which reached 630.388 mph (1,014.511 km/h).)[1] To take the record back, Breedlove planned a supersonic rocket car, "complete with ejector seat."[1] Also in 1965, Breedlove's wife, Lee Breedlove, took the seat in Sonic 1, making four passes and achieving 308.506 mph (496.492 km/h),[1] making her the fastest woman alive, and making them the fastest couple, which they remain.[1] According to author Rachel Kushner, Craig had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt.[3]

During 1968, Lynn Garrison, President of Craig Breedlove & Associates, started to package a deal that saw Utah's Governor, Calvin Rampton, provide a hangar facility for the construction of a supersonic car. Bill Lear, of Learjet fame, was to provide support, along with his friend Art Linkletter. Playboy magazine hoped to have the car painted black, with a white bunny on the rudder. TRW was supplying a lunar lander rocket motor. A change in public interest saw the concept shelved for a period of time.

Lynn Garrison, as President of Craig Breedlove & Associates, obtained permission to use Bluebird on the Utah Salt Flats. This model was used in publicity

They also negotiated for the use of the late Donald Campbell's wheel-driven Bluebird CN7 record-breaker.[4]

After a lengthy break from world records and making his name as a real estate agent, Breedlove began work on a new Spirit in 1992, eventually named Spirit of America Formula Shell LSRV. The vehicle is 44 ft. 10 in. long, 8 ft. 4 in. wide, and 5 ft. 10 in. high (13.67 m by 2.54 m by 1.78 m) and weighs 9,000 lb (4,100 kg), construction is on a steel tube or space frame with an aluminium skin body. The engine is the same as in the second Spirit, a J79, but it is modified to burn unleaded gasoline and generates a maximum thrust of 22,650 lbf (100.75 kN).

The second run of the vehicle on October 28, 1996, in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, ended in a crash at around 675 mph (1,086 km/h). Returning in 1997, the vehicle badly damaged the engine on an early run and when the British ThrustSSC managed over 700 mph (1,100 km/h), the re-engined Spirit could do no better than 676 mph (1,088 km/h). Breedlove believes the vehicle is capable of exceeding 800 mph (1,300 km/h), but has yet to demonstrate this.

In late 2006, Breedlove sold the car to Steve Fossett, who was to make an attempt on the land speed record in 2007.[5] Fossett died in a plane crash in 2007, and the car was put up for sale.[6] Breedlove's vehicle, renamed the "Sonic Arrow", was rolled out on the Black Rock Desert for a photo opportunity on October 15, 2007. The effort to run the car continues.[7]

Endurance and speed records for AMC

An ad promoting Breedlove shattering speed records in a production AMC AMX

Craig Breedlove was put on the payroll at American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1968 to prepare the automaker's pony and high-performance cars, the Javelin and the AMX, for speed and endurance records.[8]

In January 1968, one month before the official introduction of the AMX model, Breedlove, his wife Lee, and Ron Dykes,[9] established fourteen United States Automobile Club (USAC) and Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) certified speed records for cars of any engine size, and 106 national and international speed and endurance records for cars with less than 488 cu in (8.0 L).[10]

Two cars were prepared for the endurance speed runs on a five-mile banked track in Texas.[11] The shattered records included a Class C AMX (the No. 2 Lee Breedlove car) with the standard 290 cu in (4.8 L) AMC V8 engine (bored to 304 cubic inches) with 4-speed manual transmission, achieving a 24-hour average of 140.79 mph (226.58 km/h) that was set by Craig and his wife Lee. New records in a Class B AMX (the No. 1 Craig Breedlove car) using the optional 390 cu in (6.4 L) "AMX" V8 (397 cubic inches) with a 3-speed automatic transmission, that included a 75-mile (121 km) distance with a flying start at 174.295 mph (280.501 km/h), as well as a 173.044 mph (278.487 km/h) over a 100-mile (161 km) distance from a standing start.[12]

After the cars were displayed at the Chicago Auto Show in February 1968, Breedlove took the AMX to Bonneville. He established a USAC sanctioned record of 189 mph (304 km/h)[13] as well as an unofficial run of over 200 mph (320 km/h).[14]

Later in the year, American Motors entered three similarly equipped Javelins with 343 cu in (5.6 L) AMC V8 engines featuring Edelbrock cross-ram intake manifolds and special cylinder heads, in the C/Production class at Bonneville.[15] During November 1968, the "Speed Spectacular Javelin" run by Breedlove was fastest, reaching 161.73 mph (260.28 km/h) establishing a speed record that stood for a number of years.[15]

Awards and legacy

In 1993 Breedlove was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America[16] in 1993, and in 2000 into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.[17]

He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2009.[18]

The Beach Boys' song Spirit of America was "inspired by Breedlove's land speed record, set in 1963."[19]

Land vehicle speed records

  • August 5, 1963 – Breedlove reached 407.45 mph (655.73 km/h) in Spirit of America at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, thus earning him the land speed record.
  • October 13, 1964 – Breedlove reached 468.719 mph (754.330 km/h) in Spirit of America at Bonneville, reclaiming the record from Art Arfons.
  • October 15, 1964 – Just two days later, Breedlove broke his own record and breached the 500 mph barrier at 526.277 mph (846.961 km/h), in Spirit of America at Bonneville
  • November 2, 1965 – Breedlove reached 555.483 mph (893.963 km/h) in Spirit of America Sonic I at Bonneville, reclaiming the record from Art Arfons.
  • November 15, 1965 – Thirteen days later, Breedlove breached the 600 mph barrier at 600.601 mph (966.574 km/h)[1] in Spirit of America Sonic I at Bonneville.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Twite, Mike (1974). "Breedlove: Towards the sound barrier". World of Automobiles, Volume 2. Orbis Publishing. p. 231.
  2. ^ McWhirter, Ross. Guinness Book of World Records 1979. Sterling Publishing. p. 296. ISBN 9780806901305. The car was powered by a General Electric J79 GE-3 jet engine, developing 15000 lbs. static thrust at sea level.
  3. ^ Russo, Maria (May 6, 2013). "Knowingly Navigating the Unknown". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  4. ^ Kirshenbaum, Jerry (April 27, 1970). "Craig Breedlove is the undisputed champion of a sport". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  5. ^ "Steve Fossett's Jet-Powered Land Speed Record Challenger Nears Completion at Nevada Base". Land Racing. July 12, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  6. ^ Chang, Richard S. (October 14, 2010). "Steve Fossett's Land Speed Racer Is Up for Sale". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  7. ^ "Home of the North American Eagle – World Land Speed Challenger". Landspeed.com. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  8. ^ Mitchell, Larry G. (2000). AMC Muscle Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7603-0761-8. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  9. ^ Gunnell, John (2006). Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960–1972. Krause Publications. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-89689-433-4.
  10. ^ "American Motoring". 5 (2). March–April 1981. Archived from the original on December 1, 1998. Retrieved June 14, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Strohl, Daniel (May 9, 2008). "…they'll call it the Texas Takeover: Breedlove AMX record attempt". Hemmings. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  12. ^ "A Record Setter, 1968". AMX-perience. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  13. ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (May 15, 2007). "American Motors AMX". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved June 14, 2014. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  14. ^ "1969 AMX by American Motors Corporation". Legendary Collector Cars. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  15. ^ a b Strohl, Daniel (February 29, 2012). "Breedlove Javelin, Mickey Thompson Corvette, and Prudhomme Pepsi Challenger to cross the block". Hemmings. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  16. ^ Craig Breedlove at the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America
  17. ^ "Craig Breedlove – Class of 2000". International Motorsports Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  18. ^ "Craig Breedlove". Hall of Fame Inductees. Automotive Hall of Fame. 2009. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  19. ^ "Song Review by Matthew Greenwald". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
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