Hatay State
Hatay State Hatay Devleti État du Hatay دولة خطاي | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1938–1939 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
| Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı | |||||||||
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| Capital | Antakya | ||||||||
| Common languages | Turkish (official) French (second) Levantine Arabic | ||||||||
| Government | Republic | ||||||||
• President | Tayfur Sökmen | ||||||||
• Deputy | Abdurrahman Melek | ||||||||
| Legislature | Hatay State People's Assembly | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Independence | September 7 1938 | ||||||||
• Union with Turkey | June 29 1939 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1938 | 4,700 km2 (1,800 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1938 | 234,379 | ||||||||
| Currency | Turkish liraa | ||||||||
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Hatay State (Turkish: Hatay Devleti, French: État du Hatay, Arabic: دولة خطاي Dawlat Khaṭāy), also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939. Hatay Province includes districts of Erzin, Dörtyol and Hassa in addition to former Hatay State territories.
History
Background
Formerly part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was occupied by France at the end of World War I and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria.
The Sanjak of Alexandretta was an autonomous sanjak from 1921 to 1923, as a result of the French-Turkish treaty of October 20, 1921, considering the presence of an important Turkish community along with Arab and Armenian ones. Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status.[1]
Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk refused to accept the Sanjak of Alexandretta to be part of the Mandate and, in a speech on March 15, 1923 in Adana, claimed, that it was "a Turkish homeland for 40 centuries" and that "can't be a captive at the hands of enemy".[2] In truth, the Turks first appeared in Anatolia during the 11th century when the Seljuk Turks occupied the eastern province of the Abbasid Empire and captured Baghdad.[3] Turkish politics aimed at incorporating the Sanjak of Alexandretta when the French mandate of Syria would expire in 1935. Local Turks initiated reforms in the style of Atatürk's, formed various organisations and institutions in order to promote the idea of union with Turkey.
In 1936, the elections returned two Syrian independentist MPs (favoring the independence of Syria from France) in the sanjak, and this prompted communal riots and passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. In particular, Arab nationalist Zaki al-Arsuzi was influential in anti-irredentist agitation.
In response, Atatürk government coined the name Hatay for the Sanjak of Alexandretta, as a reference to Hittites (Syro-Hittite states), and raised the "Issue of Hatay" (Turkish: Hatay Meselesi) at the League of Nations. On behalf of the League of Nations, representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey prepared a constitution for the sanjak. The new statute came into power in November 1937, the Sanjak becoming 'distinct but not separated' from Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defense matters.[1]
On September 2, 1938, the sanjak assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision.
On June 29, 1939, following a referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. This referendum has been labelled both "phoney" and "rigged" by some, and a way for the French to let Turks take over the area, hoping that they would turn on Hitler.[4] For the referendum, Turkey crossed tens of thousands of Turks into Alexandretta to register as citizens and vote.[5]
Syrian President Hashim al-Atassi resigned in protest at continued French intervention in Syrian affairs, maintaining that the French were obliged to refuse the annexation under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936.
Legislature
Hatay State People Assembly (Turkish: Hatay Devleti Millet Meclisi), consisted of 40 members, whom 22 were Turks, 9 Alawites, 5 Armenians, 2 Orthodox Greeks and 2 Sunni Arabs.
Annexation
On July 7, 1939, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the law establishing the Hatay Province and incorporating districts from Adana Province (then Seyhan Province) and Gaziantep Province. By July 23, 1939, the last vestiges of the French Mandate authorities had left Antakya, and the territory was fully annexed to Turkey. The result was a flight of many Arabs and Armenians to Syria. The region's Armenian population had particular reasons to be fearful, having been survivors of the Armenian Genocide, who had fled for their lives to the French Mandate of Syria and therefore weren't able to contemplate Turkish sovereignty.[6] Following the annexation, almost the entire Armenian population of Hatay left the province and resided in Aleppo, with many others moving to Lebanon where they founded the modern town of Anjar near the ruins of its historic castle.
Population and demographics
According to the estimates of the French high commission in 1936, out of a population of 220,000 39% were Turks, 28% Arabic-speaking Alawites, 11% Armenians, 10% Sunni Arabs, 8% other Christians and 4% were Circassians, Kurds and Jews. Although Turks formed the largest single ethno-religious minority, Arabic speakers including Sunnis, Alawites and Christians were more numerous.[7]
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| Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census[7] | ||||||
| Ethnoreligious groups | Inhabitants | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alawis | 61,600 | 28% | ||||
| Sunni Arabs | 22,000 | 10% | ||||
| Melkites, Greeks and other Christians | 17,600 | 8% | ||||
| Turks | 85,800 | 39% | ||||
| Armenians | 24,200 | 11% | ||||
| Circassians, Jews, Kurds | 8,800 | 4% | ||||
| Total | 220,000 | 100% | ||||
Popular Culture
The Republic of Hatay is seen in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade when Indiana Jones and his father meet up with Sallah in Hatay, where they learn of Marcus' abduction. The Nazis have been equipped by the Sultan of Hatay, in exchange for a Rolls-Royce Phantom II, and are already moving toward the Grail's location, using the map possessed by Marcus Brody.[8] However, the car used in the film was actually a Rolls-Royce Barker Saloon with 20/25 hp.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b Picard, Elizabeth (Spring 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French) (99). Paris: Documentation française.
- ^ "History of Hatay (In Turkish)". Antakyarehberi.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
- ^ Duiker & Spielvogel 2012, 192.
- ^ Jack Kalpakian (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 0-7546-3338-1.
- ^ Robert Fisk (2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.
- ^ "ARMENIA AND KARABAGH" (PDF). Minority Rights Group. 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ a b Brandell, Inga (2006). State Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-076-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-03-27
- ^ "Rolls-Royce 20/25 h.p. in "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"". IMCDb.org. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
Sources
- Sökmen, Tayfur: Hatay'ın Kurtuluşu İçin Harcanan Çabalar, Ankara 1992, ISBN 975-16-0499-0.
- Dr. Abdurrahman Melek, Hatay Nasıl Kurtuldu, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1966
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