Dushmani family
The Dushmani or Dusmani were an Albanian family[1][2][3] that ruled parts of Pilot, a historical province within the territory of the eponymous Dushmani tribe from the Dukagjin highlands in northern Albania, during 15th century rule under the Republic of Venice.
The name "Dušman" is derived from Slavic root duša (spirit, soul), as is "Dušan", with the suffix -man, and was used in Serbian society from the Middle Ages to at least the 19th century.[4] The oldest generation of the family is mentioned on 2 June 1403 when the Venetian Senate confirmed the three brothers Goranin, Damjan and Nenad the rule over their lands in Pilot Minor ("Little" or "Lower" Pilot) as Venetian subjects.[5][6] Through various ways, the Republic of Venice won over local nobility in the Scutari region and thereby created a certain security zone around their possessions against the Ottomans.[7] In July 1404 the brothers requested from the government that their litigations be addressed to the knez in Scutari.[6]
In 1427, a "Dusmanus" is mentioned as the bishop of Polatum (Dusmanus ep. Polat.);[8] Daniele Farlati (1690–1773) called him "Dussus" and put his office in 1427–46.[9]
Pal Dushmani (d. 1457) was a Catholic bishop active in Svač (1443), Drivasto (1446), and Skadarska Krajina (1454).[10]
Lekë Dushmani[11]), was mentioned as one of the founders of the League of Lezhë.[12] Lekë Dushmani held Zadrima.[13] Lekë's daughter Irene (Jerina) became famous while there was a dispute for her which brought the first defection among the members of League of Lezhë which led toward the Albanian–Venetian War (1447–48).[14] The Dushmani and Spani family did not participate in the war.[citation needed]
In Drivasto, Bozidar Dushmani gathered Venetian opponents, and partnering up with Lekë Dukagjini readied for rebellion in the city and among the villages.[15] They planned to attack Venetian-controlled Drivast,[16] but the plot was discovered, and in March 1451 the Council of Forty had Bozidar Dushmani convicted to 30 years of exile from Venetian holdings in Albania.[17] It was threatened that his head would be cut off between two pillars at the Doge's palace if anybody found him there.[18]
In July 1452, Pope Nicholas V sent Pavle Dushmani to settle the conflict between Lekë Dukagjini and Skanderbeg.[19]
According to Demetrios Sicilianos, the Dousmanis family in Greece ultimately descended from the 15th-century Albanian nobleman "Lekas (Alexander) Dousmanis", whose family took refuge in Greece after the Ottoman conquest of Albania by Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1444–81).[3]
References
- ^ Kemal Çiçek; Ercüment Kuran; Nejat Göyünç; İlber Ortaylı (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation: Culture and arts. Yeni Türkiye. p. 25.
- ^ Johann Georg Hahn (30 May 2015). The Discovery of Albania: Travel Writing and Anthropology in the Nineteenth Century Balkans. I.B.Tauris. p. 61.
- ^ a b Demetrios Sicilianos (1960). Old and new Athens. Putnam. p. 223.
- ^ Grković 1977, p. 86.
- ^ Antonović 2003, p. 273; Ljubić 1875, p. 44
- ^ a b Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore 1970b, p. 82, Malović-Đukić 1991
- ^ Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore 1970b, p. 82.
- ^ Hierarchia catholica medii aevi et recentioris aevi. Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae. 1913. p. 404.
- ^ Vjesnik Kr. državnog arkiva u Zagrebu. Vol. 17–18. Tisak zaklade tiskare narodnih novina. 1915. p. 28.
- ^ Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore 1970b, p. 328.
- ^ Glas. Vol. 22. Belgrade: SKA. 1890.
- ^ Noli 1947, p. 36.
- ^ Noli 1967, p. 84.
- ^ Noli 1947, p. 39.
- ^ Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore 1970b, p. 221.
- ^ Schmitt 2001, p. 308.
- ^ Božić 1979, p. 369, Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore 1970b, p. 221
- ^ Božić 1979, p. 370.
- ^ Spomenik. Vol. 95–97. SANU. 1942. p. xv.
Sources
- Antonović, Miloš (2003). Town and District in Littoral of Zeta and Northern Albania in XIVth and XVth Century. Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-86-7743-031-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Božić, Ivan (1979). "О Дукађинима". Немирно Поморје XV века. Srpska književna zadruga. OCLC 5845972.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Grković, Milica (1977). Rečnik ličnih imena kod Srba. Belgrade: Vuk Karadžić.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ljubić, Simeon (1875). Listine o odnošajih izmedju južnoga slavenstva i Mletačke Republike: Od godine 1403 do 1409. Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Malović-Đukić, Marica (1991). "Пилот у средњем веку". Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији: Зборник радова са међународног научног скупа одржаног на Цетињу 21, 22. и 23. јуна 1990. године. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе. OCLC 29549273.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Noli, Fan S. (1947). George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468). International Universities Press. OCLC 732882.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore (1970b). Историја Црне Горе (2): Црна Гора у доба обласних господара. Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore. OCLC 492555897.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2001). Das venezianische Albanien (1392–1479) (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München. ISBN 3-486-56569-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)