Asquith Xavier
Asquith Camile Xavier (18 July 1920 – 1980) was a West Indian-born Briton who ended a colour bar at British Railways in London by fighting to become the first non-white train guard at Euston railway station in 1966.[1][2][3] Trevor Phillips, when chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, said in 2006: "Asquith's stand against discrimination brought to light the inadequacy of early race discrimination laws and persistent widespread discrimination faced by ethnic minorities."[4] A plaque at the station commemorates his achievement.[5]
Early life
Xavier was born on 18 July 1920 in Dominica, which was then a British colony. He was a member of the Windrush generation of British African-Caribbean people who migrated to the United Kingdom after the Second World War to fill vacancies in service industries.
Discrimination
Xavier joined British Railways. In 1966 he was working as a guard at Marylebone station in central London. He applied for a promotion and transfer to work at Euston station, but was rejected. A letter from a staff committee at Euston—which was dominated by members of the National Union of Railwaymen—explained that it was because of his colour. Unions and management had informally agreed in the 1950s to ban non-white people from jobs at Euston involving contact with the public; they could be cleaners and labourers, but not guards or ticket collectors.
The Race Relations Act of 1965 had made discrimination on "grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origins" unlawful in public places in Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland). Xavier could not use this legislation to further his case as it did not cover workplaces.[6]
Xavier persisted. A union official publicised the rejection by writing a letter of protest to the head of the National Union of Railwaymen on his behalf.[7] Two members of parliament wrote to the secretary of state for transport, Barbara Castle,[8] to ask her to direct British Railways to end racial discrimination. On 15 July 1966 British Railways announced that colour bars at stations in London had been abandoned. Xavier was offered the job with his pay backdated to May, the month when he had been originally rejected.[9] Xavier could not take up the job immediately because he was recovering from hospital treatment for an ulcer. He received hate mail and death threats, and asked for police protection. He started work on 15 August 1966.[10]
Death
Xavier died in 1980 in Chatham, Kent.[11]
In the media
Oona King presented a BBC Radio 4 documentary, Asquith's Fight for Equality, about his story in 2016—the fiftieth anniversary of his victory.[12] In the same year, The One Show on BBC One television interviewed Xavier's family and covered the unveiling of the plaque at Euston station that marked his fight.[13]
See also
- Bristol Bus Boycott—a protest in 1963 against a bus company's refusal to employ non-white bus crews in Bristol.
- Institutional racism
- Race Relations Act 1965—the first legislation in the United Kingdom to address racial discrimination.
- Race Relations Act 1968—an extension to the 1965 act that prohibited racial discrimination in housing, employment and public service.
- Racism in the United Kingdom
- Rosa Parks—an activist in the United States civil rights movement, best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
References
- ^ "Euston staff 'colour bar' ended". On This Day. BBC News. 1966-07-15. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
- ^ Oona King, "Asquith's Fight for Equality", BBC Radio 4, 2016-10-26.
- ^ "RAILWAY COLOR BAR IS BROKEN IN LONDON". The New York Times. July 16, 1966. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
- ^ "FIRST-CLASS HERO: Forty years ago, this man changed the face of race relations in Britain after beating a colour bar on the railways". The Mirror. MGN. 2006-07-15. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ Thorpe, Stewart (2019-06-13). "RailStaff June 2019: An unsung hero". RailStaff. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
- ^ "1965: New UK race law 'not tough enough'". On This Day. BBC News. 1965-12-08. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ "Colour bar protest over railman". The Times. London, England). 11 July 1966. p. 12.
- ^ "Coloured Workers - Hansard". hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- ^ "Asquith Xavier: Pioneering black train guard 'omitted' from history lessons". BBC News. 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
- ^ Mirror Reporter (16 August 1966). "CLOCKING ON .. A RAIL PIONEER". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ^ "England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837-2007," database, FamilySearch(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVZ9-G3T1 : 4 September 2014), Asquith Camile Xavier, 1980; from "England & Wales Deaths, 1837-2006," database, findmypast(http://www.findmypast.com : 2012); citing Death Registration, Chatham, Kent, England, General Register Office, Southport, England.
- ^ Oona King, "Asquith's Fight for Equality", BBC Radio 4, 2016-10-26.
- ^ "Busting the colour bar". The One Show. BBC One. 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2018-07-27.