Jetigen

Jetigen

String instrument
Other names	A Kazakh jetigen on display in the Kazakhstan National Museum of Instruments.
Classification	String instruments Box zither
Developed	Antiquity
Related instruments
yatga koto guzheng zither Kanun (instrument) Kanklės Jadagan Đàn tranh Kacapi Se

The jetigen (Kazakh: жетіген, pronounced [ʑjɪtjɪɣjɪn], or dzhetigan or zhetygen) is a Kazakh seven-stringed zither. It is related to other Asian instruments, including the Chinese guzheng and se, Japanese koto, Korean gayageum and ajaeng, Mongolian yatga, Vietnamese đàn tranh, and Sundanese kacapi. The strings were sometimes made of horsehair. Zhetygen is stringed plucking instrument, which reminds of gusli or lying harp. The most ancient type of zhetygen had 7 strings looked like the prolonged box hollowed out of the wooden piece. Such zhetygen did not have the upper sounding board and pins. The strings were stretched by hand from the outer side of the instrument. Later the upper part of zhetygen was covered with the wooden sounding board. Assyks were out under each string from two sides. Moving them it was possible to tune the string. If assyks were drawn closer to each other the tune was rising, and if drawn apart the tune was falling. String tuning was made by the pins and by moving the supports. Early instruments took the form of a rectangular box, carved from wood, with strings stretched over the top. Later, a separate sounding board was added, and moveable supports were used to raise each string from the sounding board; the position of each support along its string determined the pitch of that string's note.

Legend history

In ancient times, an old man lived in one aul. He had seven sons. Once in a cold winter, due to jute (a massive loss of livestock caused by icing of pastures or heavy snowfall, which makes it difficult for cattle grazing), people were left without food, and grief settled in the old man's house. One death after another took away all the sons. After the death of Kania's eldest son, the grief-stricken old man hollowed out a piece of withered wood, pulled a string on it and put a stand under it, performed the kyuy " Garagym " ("My dear"), after the death of Torealym's second son, the old father pulls the second string and improvises kyuy " Kanat sykar " ("Broken wing"), to the third son of Zhaikeldy he composes kyuy " Amarym" ("My favorite"); the fourth, Beken, is dedicated to the kyui " Ot suner " ("The Extinguished Flame"), the fifth son Hauas composes " Bayt Koshty " ("Lost Happiness"), the sixth son Zhulzar - " Kүn tұtyldy " ("Eclipsed Sun"). After the loss of the last youngest son Kiyas, the old man pulls on the seventh string and sings the kyui “ Zheti balamnan ayrylyp asa boldym ” (“Woe from the loss of seven sons”). Extracting sounds full of sorrow from the instrument, the performer shows images of his children in melodies of different nature. These improvised melodies were further developed and came down to us in the form of instrumental pieces-kyuis under the general name “Jetigennin zheteui” (“Seven kyuis of Jetigen”). This is one of the ancient Kazakh musical instruments almost unchanged, which has survived to this day.

Modern use

Jetigen can have a different number of strings: from 7, 14, 21 and up to 23, its weight can be 1 kilogram, the length of the Jetigen can exceed 1.5 meters. Currently, folklore ensembles use a reconstructed zhetygen, in which the number of strings was increased to 23 to expand the range. Tuning of strings is done by tuning pegs and moving the stands. Jetigen is distinguished by its soft, melodious sound.