Developmental dysfluency
![]() | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Developmental dysfluency, also called "normal disfluency", is a normal stage of language development, occurring during the toddler and preschool years.
Speech is a complicated achievement that involves a series of cognitive, linguistic processes that are sensorimotor and auditory. They generate an in-depth understanding of language and speech. As children grow up, their language and vocabulary grow with them. However, as this happens, it is possible that the child might begin to demonstrate forms of dysfluencies in their speech as they struggle to speak.
Preschool children usually go through a period of dysfluency as they attempt to learn linguistic and speech skills. About 10% of these children will experience a speech or language delay that is serious enough to benefit from early referral and assessment by a speech language pathologist (SLP). Normal disfluency begins during a child's intensive language=learning years and dissipates as the child undergoes growth and development. This is considered a normal phase of language development.
Most children will outgrow the period of dysfluency, but those who do not require speech therapy. Experts find that there is a distinction between childhood disfluency that will likely correct itself and other disorders such as stuttering. The most common form of dysfluency in children younger than three years of age is the repetition of one syllable words or parts of words, especially at the beginning of their sentences as they try to form the sentence correctly.
As children grow and go through the developmental stages of their lives, language learning may be more dysfluent in some than others. These occurrences, however, are normal. When attempting to master spoken language, children gradually develop fluent speech. Children go through the same learning patterns when they learn their first language as adults do when they learn to speak languages other than their native one.[1]
References
- ^ Culatta, Richard (1989–1990). "The Differential Diagnosis of Disfluency" (PDF). National Student Speech Language Hearing Association Journal. 17: 59–64.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link)
Sources
- Anderson, Jeffrey M.; Hughes, John D.; Rothi, Leslie J. Gonzalez; Crucian, Gregory P.; Heilman, K. M. (1999-06-01). "Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease: the effects of levodopa treatment". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 66(6): 776–778. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.6.776. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 10329754.
- "Brain Development and Mastery of Language in the Early Childhood Years". IDRA. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
- Chang, Soo-Eun; Erickson, Kirk I.; Ambrose, Nicoline G.; Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark A.; Ludlow, Christy L. (February 2008). "Brain anatomy differences in childhood stuttering". NeuroImage. 39 (3): 1333–1344. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.067. ISSN 1053-8119. PMC 2731627. PMID 18023366.
- Chang, Soo-Eun; Zhu, David C. (December 2013). "Neural network connectivity differences in children who stutter". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 136 (Pt 12): 3709–3726. doi:10.1093/brain/awt275. ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 3859219. PMID 24131593.
- "Childhood Fluency Disorders: Overview". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- "Cluttering | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- Culatta, Richard (1989–1990). "The Differential Diagnosis of Disfluency" (PDF). National Student Speech Language Hearing Association Journal. 17: 59–64.
- "Developmental Disfluency vs. Atypical Dysfluency/Stuttering: When to be Concerned". Eyas Landing. 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- Schrader M, editor. Parent articles 1: Enhance parent involvement in language learning. Arizona: Communication Skill Builders; 1996.
- "Stuttering". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- "Stuttering in Toddlers & Preschoolers: What's Typical, What's Not?". HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- Trubo, Richard (2001). "Stuttering". The New Book Of Knowledge - Health and Medicine: 112-123. United States of America: Grolier Incorporated. ISBN 0-7172-0608-4. Note: This annual was also published under the title The 2001 World Book Health & Medical Annual, United States of America: 2001 World Book, Inc.
- Watkins, Kate E.; Smith, Stephen M.; Davis, Steve; Howell, Peter (2008-1). "Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 131 (Pt 1): 50–59. doi:10.1093/brain/awm241. ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 2492392. PMID 17928317
- "What is Cluttering?". speech IRL. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- Weber-Fox, Christine; Hampton Wray, Amanda; Arnold, Hayley (2013-6). "Early childhood stuttering and electrophysiological indices of language processing". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 38 (2): 206–221. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.01.001. PMC 3687214. PMID 23773672
- Weir, Erica; Bianchet, Sonya (2004-06-08). "Developmental dysfluency: early intervention is key". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal. 170(12): 1790–1791. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040733. ISSN 0820-3946. PMID 15184330.
- Zebrowski, Patricia M. (2003-07-01). "Developmental Stuttering". Pediatric Annals. 32(7): 453–458. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-20030701-07. ISSN 0090-4481.