Battle of Hoke's Run
| Battle of Hoke's Run | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the American Civil War | |||||||
 Colonel Starkweather with his Wisconsin regiment | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States (Union) |
 CSA (Confederacy) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Robert Patterson | Stonewall Jackson | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Army of the Shenandoah | Jackson's Brigade | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
8,000 (2 brigades) |
4,000 (1 brigade) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 23 | 91 | ||||||
The Battle of Hoke's Run, also known as the Battle of Falling Waters or Hainesville, took place on July 2, 1861, in Berkeley County, Virginia (now West Virginia) as part of the Manassas Campaign of the American Civil War.[1] Notable as an early engagement of Confederate Colonel Thomas J. Jackson and his Brigade of Virginia Volunteers, nineteen days before their famous nickname would originate, this brief skirmish was hailed by both sides as a stern lesson to the other.[2] Acting precisely upon the orders of a superior officer[3] about how to operate in the face of superior numbers, Jackson's forces resisted General Robert Patterson's Union forces briefly and then slowly retreated over several miles.
Battle
On July 2, Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson's division crossed the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland and marched on the main road to Martinsburg. Near Hoke's Run, the Union brigades of Cols. John J. Abercrombie and George H. Thomas encountered regiments of Col. Thomas J. Jackson's Confederate brigade, driving them back slowly. Jackson accomplished his orders to delay the Federal advance, withdrawing before Patterson's larger force.[1]
Confederate Order of Battle
The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Hoke's Run. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
Military rank
- BG = Brigadier General
- Col = Colonel
- Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel
- Cpt = Captain
Army of the Shenandoah
| Brigade | Regiments and Others |
|---|---|
| First Brigade |
|
| Cavalry |
Casualties
Estimates of casualties sustained during the battle vary. The National Park Service quotes Union as 23 and Confederate as 91 (without differentiating types of casualties).[1] Kennedy cites 75 Union deaths and 25 Confederate deaths.[4] In his Official Report, Major-General Robert Patterson states the number of Confederate deaths as "over sixty"[5] but does not describe Union casualties. One Confederate battle flag was captured by the First Wisconsin, but the surrendering Confederate regiment is not identified.[6]
After the time for propagandizing the casualty figures ended, the following Union regiments precisely reported the sacrifices of their comrades-in-arms:
In addition to the above, "The Official Records of the Union and Confederates Armies, 1861-1865" and "History of Pennsylvania volunteers, 1861-5" state the following casualties:
- 2nd US cavalry: 2 captured
- 14th Pennsylvania: 12 Captured (the 1st Virginia Cavalry took 47 prisoners from the company A, 14th and company I, 15th Pennsylvania)
- McMullen's Rangers: 1 killed and 1 wounded (from the Sunbury American)
Total casualties for Union force: 3 killed, 17 wounded, and 50 captured
For the Confederacy:
- 1st Virginia Cavalry: 2 killed and 1 wounded
- 2nd Virginia Infantry: no record/report (casualties unknown)
- 5th Virginia Infantry 9 killed and 11 wounded
Total casualties for Confederate force (incomplete): 11 killed, 12 wounded
Aftermath
On July 3, Patterson occupied Martinsburg, but made no further aggressive moves until July 15, when he marched to Bunker Hill. Instead of moving on Winchester, however, Patterson turned east to Charles Town and then withdrew to Harpers Ferry.[1]
Patterson's retrograde movement took pressure off Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley and allowed Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army of the Shenandoah to march to support Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard at Manassas Junction.[1] Following the stunning Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, the Union commander at Hoke's Run, Robert Patterson, was assigned popular blame without participating while the Confederate commander at Hoke's Run was assigned glory for his actions during the first major battle of the War; thereafter, the two commanders and two engagements, one a brief skirmish and the other a major battle, cannot be uncoupled in retroanalysis.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e "Battle Summary". National Park Service. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ High, Mike. "The C&O Canal Companion". Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 19 January 2006. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Johnston, General Joseph E. "Official Report, Manassas Campaign". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Kennedy, Francis H. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 11. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
- ^ Robert Patterson, Major-General (1865). Narrative of the Campaign in the Valley of the Shenandoah in 1861. Philadelphia: John Campbell. pp. 49.
- ^ "Captured Confederate Flags". Wisconsin's Civil War Battle Flags. Wisconsin Veterans Museum. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ "1st Wisconsin Infantry and Their Flag". Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Civil War in the East. "11th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment". Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ Bates, Samuel P. (1869). History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-6; Vol I. Harrisburg, PA: B. Singerly, State Printer. p. 143.
References
- CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
- Gimbel, Gary. "The End of Innocence: The Battle of Falling Waters", in Blue & Gray, Volume XXII, issue 4 (Fall 2005). ISSN 0741-2207.