List of English prepositions
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This is a list of English prepositions.
Kinds of prepositions
Though the prototypical preposition is a single word that precedes a noun phrase complement and expresses spatial relations, the category of preposition includes more than this limited notion. Prepositions can be categorized according to whether the preposition takes a complement, what kind of complement the preposition takes, on what side of the preposition the complement occurs, and whether the preposition consists of one word or multiple words. A preposition that takes a complement is called a transitive preposition, and one that does not is called an intransitive preposition.[1] Traditional grammars, based on the work of classical Greek and Latin philologists, consider only transitive prepositions to be true prepositions and label intransitive prepositions adverbs instead. Since the twentieth century, linguists have begun arguing against the analysis of intransitive prepositions as adverbs. Otto Jespersen argues that just as verbs can be either transitive or intransitive (he sings, he sings a song), prepositions can be either transitive or intransitive (he was in, he was in the house).[2] Linguists have also noted that phrases headed by intransitive prepositions have the same distribution (that is, occur in the same places) as prepositional phrases headed by transitive prepositions and that they do not have the same distributions as prototypical adverb phrases.[3][4][5]
The prototypical preposition takes a noun phrase complement, but prepositions can also take clauses, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and other prepositional phrases as complements. A preposition that takes a clause as a complement is called a conjunctive preposition.[6] Traditional grammars typically group conjunctive prepositions with subordinating conjunctions, but these words seem to have more in common with prepositions than subordinating conjunctions. Prototypical subordinating conjunctions, such as that, are meaningless on their own, tend to introduce clauses that function as complements, and can often be omitted (compare Ted says that the world is flat and Ted says the world is flat). On the other hand, conjunctive prepositions, such as because, contribute meaning, tend to introduce clauses that function as adjuncts, and cannot be omitted.[7]
A preposition whose complement precedes it may be called a postposition to distinguish it from more prototypical prepositions, whose complements follow them.[8] Some grammars classify prepositions and postpositions as different kinds of adpositions while other grammars categorize both under the heading of the more common variety in the language. Thus, in the latter categorization method, postpositions may be considered a variety of preposition in English.[9]
Finally, a preposition that consists of two or more words is called a complex preposition.[10] It is a matter of debate as to whether these groups of words each function as a single preposition (the complex preposition analysis) or the initial preposition simply takes a complement that contains another preposition. Traditional grammars and some dictionaries take this complex preposition approach, but grammars informed by work in linguistics vary in how they address these groups of words. While Bas Aarts, for instance, takes the complex preposition approach, Randolph Quirk and his colleagues suggest that there is “a scale of cohesiveness” that ranges from sequences of words which behave very much like simple prepositions to sequences of words that behave like syntactically separate units.[10][11] On the other hand, Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum explicitly reject the complex preposition analysis. They argue that though the close semantic relationship between behind and in front of may make an analysis in which in front of is a single preposition seem appealing, there is syntactic evidence against this approach. Consider the following:
- It is behind the car.
- It is behind.
- It is in front of the car.
- *It is in front of.
If in front of were a single preposition in the same way as behind is, we would expect the fourth clause to be grammatical in the same way that the second is. The fact that the fourth clause is not grammatical suggests that in front of is not a constituent.[12] Given the lack of consensus on the status of complex prepositions, they appear below in their own separate section.
Prototypical prepositions
The following are single-word prepositions that can take a noun phrase complement following the preposition. Prepositions in this section may also take other kinds of complements in addition to noun phrase complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk can be used transitively or intransitively.
- aboard*[13]
- about*[13]
- above*[13]
- absent[14]
- across*[13]
- after*[13][15]
- against*[13]
- along*[13]
- aloft*[13][16]
- alongside*[13]
- amid[13][17]
- among[13][17]
- apropos*[15][18]
- around*[13]
- as[13][17]
- astride[19]
- at[13][17]
- atop[21]
- ontop (nonstandard)[citation needed]
- bar[17][22]
- barring[23][24]
- before*[13][15]
- behind*[13]
- below*[13]
- beneath*[13]
- beside[13][17]
- besides*[13][15]
- between*[13][15]
- beyond*[13]
- but[27]
- by*[13][15]
- chez[17][28]
- circa[17][29]
- come[17]
- concerning[23][24]
- contra[17]
- counting[23][24]
- dehors (law)[31]
- despite[13][17]
- spite (abbreviation)[citation needed]
- down*[13]
- during[13][17]
- effective[14]
- ere[17]
- except[13]
- excepting[23][24]
- excluding[23][24]
- failing[23][24]
- following[23][24]
- for[13]
- 4 (abbreviation)[citation needed]
- from[13][17]
- in*[13]
- including[23][24]
- inside*[13]
- into[13][17]
- less [17][32]
- like[13][17]
- minus[13][17]
- modulo[17]
- near*[13]
- nearer (comparative)[33]
- nearest (superlative)[citation needed]
- next[13]
- notwithstanding*[13] (also postpositional)
- of[13][17]
- off*[13]
- on*[13][15]
- onto[13][17]
- opposite[13][14]
- out[35]
- outside*[13]
- over*[13]
- pace[17][37]
- past*[13]
- per (informal)[17][38]
- plus[13][17]
- post[39]
- pre[40]
- pro[41]
- qua (literary or formal)[42]
- re[17]
- regarding[23][24]
- respecting[23][24]
- sans[17]
- save[17][43]
- saving[23][24]
- short[citation needed]
- since*[13][15]
- than[13][17]
- through*[13][15]
- throughout*[13]
- till[17][46]
- times[17]
- to*[13]
- 2 (abbreviation)[citation needed]
- touching (archaic)[23][24][47]
- toward, towards[13]
- under*[13]
- underneath*[13]
- unlike[13][17]
- until[13][17]
- unto (poetic)[48]
- up*[13][17]
- upon[13]
- versus[17][49]
- via[13][17]
- vice[50] (formal)[citation needed]
- vis-à-vis[17][51] (formal)[citation needed]
- wanting[23][24]
- with[13][17]
- within*[13]
- w/i (abbreviation)[citation needed]
- without*[13][15]
Intransitive prepositions
The following are single-word intransitive prepositions. This portion of the list includes only prepositions that are always intransitive; prepositions that can occur with or without noun phrase complements (that is, transitively or intransitively) are listed with the prototypical prepositions. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these intransitive prepositions as adverbs.
- abreast[13][55]
- abroad[13][55]
- adrift[13][55]
- aft[13][55]
- afterward(s)[13][56]
- ahead[13][55]
- apart[13][55]
- ashore[13][55]
- aside[13][55]
- away[13][55]
- back[13][55]
- backward(s)[13][55]
- beforehand[13][56]
- downhill[13][55]
- downstage[13][55]
- downstairs[13][55]
- downstream[13][55]
- downward(s)[13][55]
- downwind[13][55]
- east[56]
- eastward(s)[13][55]
- forth[13][55]
- forward(s)[13][55]
- heavenward(s)[13][55]
- hence[13][55]
- henceforth[13][56]
- here[13][55]
- hereby[13][15]
- herein[13][15]
- hereof[13][15]
- hereto[13][15]
- herewith[13][15]
- home[13][55]
- homeward(s)[13][55]
- indoors[13][55]
- inward(s)[13][55]
- leftward(s)[13][55]
- north[56]
- northeast[56]
- northward(s)[13][55]
- northwest[56]
- now[13][56]
- onward(s)[13][55]
- outdoors[13][55]
- outward(s)[13][55]
- overboard[13][55]
- overhead[13][55]
- overland[13][55]
- overseas[13][55]
- rightward(s)[13][55]
- seaward(s)[13][55]
- skyward(s)[13][55]
- south[56]
- southeast[56]
- southward(s)[13][55]
- southwest[56]
- then[13][56]
- thence[13][55]
- thenceforth[13][56]
- there[13][55]
- thereby[13][15]
- therein[13][15]
- thereof[13][15]
- thereto[13][15]
- therewith[13][15]
- together[13][55]
- underfoot[13][55]
- underground[13][55]
- uphill[13][55]
- upstage[13][55]
- upstairs[13][55]
- upstream[13][55]
- upward(s)[13][55]
- upwind[13][55]
- west[56]
- westward(s)[13][55]
- when[13][56]
- whence[13][55]
- where[13][55]
- whereby[13][15]
- wherein[13][15]
- whereto[13][15]
- wherewith[13][15]
Conjunctive Prepositions
The following are single-word prepositions that take clauses as complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk in this section can only take non-finite clauses as complements. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these conjunctive prepositions as subordinating conjunctions.
- after[57][58]
- although[57][58]
- as[57][58]
- at*[57]
- because[57][58]
- before[57][58]
- beside*[57]
- besides*[57]
- between*[57]
- by*[57]
- considering[58]
- despite*[57]
- except[58]
- for[57][58]
- from* (an obsolete sense could take finite clauses)[57][59]
- given[58]
- granted[58]
- if (conditional sense)[57][58]
- into*[57]
- lest[57][58]
- like[57][58]
- notwithstanding[58]
- now[58]
- of*[57]
- on*[57][58]
- once[57][58]
- provided[58]
- providing[58]
- save[58]
- seeing [57][58]
- since[57][58]
- so (purpose or result sense)[57][58]
- supposing[58]
- than[57]
- though[57][58]
- till[57][58]
- to*[58]
- unless[57][58]
- until[57][58]
- upon*[57]
- when[57][58]
- whenever[57]
- where[57][58]
- whereas[57][58]
- wherever
- while[57]
- whilst[57]
- with* (an obsolete sense could take finite clauses)[57][60]
- without* (an obsolete sense could take finite clauses)[57][61]
Postpositions
- ago[62][63]
- apart[62][63]
- aside[62][63]
- aslant (archaic)[citation needed]
- away[citation needed]
- hence[citation needed]
- notwithstanding (also prepositional)[62][63]
- on (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "ten years on")[63]
- over (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "the world over")[63]
- short (also prepositional)[citation needed]
- through (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "the whole day through")[62]
- withal (archaic)[citation needed]
Complex prepositions
The following are prepositions that consist of multiple words. They are categorized according to their structure.
Preposition + preposition
- according to[64][24]
- across from[citation needed]
- ahead of[64][65]
- along with[64]
- apart from[66]
- as for[64][67][68]
- as from (formal)[64][67][68]
- as of[68]
- as per[64][67]
- as regards[69]
- as to[64][67][68]
- aside from[64][70]
- away from[64][71]
- back to[citation needed]
- because of[64][67]
- counter to[citation needed]
- except for[72]
- in between[64][67]
- instead of (informal)[64][73]
- near to[64]
- next to[64][74]
- opposite of[citation needed]
- opposite to[citation needed]
- out from[citation needed]
- out of[64][67]
- outside of[64][75]
- owing to[64][24]
- pertaining to[24][76]
- up against[64][67]
- up to[64][67]
Preposition + (article) + noun + preposition
English has many idiomatic expressions that act as prepositions that can be analyzed as a preposition followed by a noun (sometimes preceded by the definite or, occasionally, indefinite article) followed by another preposition.[77] Common examples include:
- at the behest of[78]
- at the expense of[64][78]
- at the hands of[64][78]
- at (the) risk of[64][78]
- at variance with[64][78]
- by dint of[64][78]
- by means of[64][78]
- by virtue of[64][78]
- by way of[64][78]
- for (the) sake of[64][78]
- for lack of[citation needed]
- for/from want of[64][78]
- in accordance with[64][78]
- in addition to[64][78]
- in case of[64][78]
- in charge of[64][78]
- in compliance with[64][78]
- in conformity with[64][78]
- in contact with[64][78]
- in exchange for[64][78]
- in favor of[64][78]
- in front of[64][78]
- in lieu of[64][78]
- in (the) light of[64][78]
- in line with[64][78]
- in place of[64][78]
- in point of[citation needed]
- in quest of[64][78]
- in relation to[64][78]
- in/with regard to[78]
- in/with respect to[64][78]
- in return for[64][78]
- in search of[64][78]
- in spite of[64][78]
- in step with[64][78]
- in touch with[64][78]
- in terms of[64][78]
- in the name of[64][78]
- in view of[64][78]
- on account of[64][78]
- on behalf of[64][78]
- on (the) grounds of[64][78]
- on the part of[64][78]
- on top of[64][78]
- with a view to[64][78]
- with the exception of[64][78]
Other complex prepositions
The following complex prepositions do not follow either of the common structures for complex prepositions.
- à la (or a la)[17][79]
- as soon as[80]
- as well as[64][81]
- close to[64]
- due to[64][82]
- far from[64][83]
- in case[64][84]
- other than[85]
- prior to[64][86]
- pursuant to[87]
- rather than[88]
- regardless of[89]
- subsequent to[64][90]
- such as[64][91]
Archaic, dialectal, or specialized
Prototypical prepositions
- abaft (nautical)[92]
- abeam (nautical)[93]
- aboon (rare)[94]
- ablow (Scottish and Irish English)[95]
- afore (archaic; regional, Southern and Midland U.S.; nautical)[96][97]
- afront (obsolete; regional)[98]
- again (regional)[99]
- ahind (dialectal; archaic)[100]
- ajax (Polari)[citation needed]
- alongst (regional, Scotland and U.S.)[101]
- aloof (obsolete)[102]
- alow (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[103]
- anear (archaic; regional)[104]
- amell (rare; regional, Northern England)[105]
- anent (obsolete; rare; regional, Scotland and Yorkshire)[94][106]
- athwart (obsolete; dialectal; nautical)[107]
- atween (archaic; dialectal)[108]
- atwixt (archaic; dialectal)[109]
- ayond, ayont (dialectal)[110]
- behither (obsolete)[111]
- ben (dialectal, Scots)[112]
- betwixt (archaic; poetical; dialectal)[113]
- be-east (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[115]
- benorth (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[116]
- besouth (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[117]
- bewest (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[118]
- cross (dialectal; poetic)[119]
- dehors (law; rare)[94][120]
- even-forth (obsolete)[121]
- forby(e) (archaic)[94][122]
- fornent, fornenst (obsolete; regional, Northern England and Scotland)[123]
- foregain, foregains, foregainst (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[124]
- forth (archaic)[125]
- fro (dialectal, Scots)[126]
- fromward, fromwards (obsolete)[127]
- froward (archaic)[128]
- furth (Scotland)[citation needed]
- gain (obsolete)[129]
- gainst (informal; poetic)[130][131]
- gainward (obsolete)[132]
- inmid, inmiddes[citation needed]
- intil, intill (rare; dialectal, Scots)[94][133]
- 'long (regional)[134]
- malgré (archaic; rare)[94][135]
- mang (Devon)[citation needed]
- maugre (archaic)[136]
- 'mong (poetic or dialectal)[137]
- 'mongst (poetic or dialectal)[138]
- natheless, nathless (archaic; literary; rare)[94][139]
- nearabout, nearbout (colloquial; regional)[140][141]
- nearby (regional, Scotland)[142]
- nearhand (regional, Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland)[143]
- 'neath (poetic)[144]
- nigh, anigh, anighst (archaic of regional)[145][146][147]
- nigh-hand (regional, Northern and Midland England, Ireland, and Scotland)[148]
- nobbut (rare; regional, Northern England)[149]
- non-obstant (obsolete)[150]
- notwithstand (obsolete)[151]
- noughtwithstanding (obsolete)[152]
- offa (colloquial; regional)[153]
- offen (regional)[154]
- only (regional, Southern U.S. and South Midland U.S.)[155]
- or (archaic)[156]
- otherside (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[157]
- outcept (obsolete)[158]
- outen (regional)[159]
- out-over (regional, Scotland)[160]
- outta (colloquial; regional, U.S.)[161]
- out-taken (obsolete)[162]
- out-taking (obsolete)[163]
- out-through (regional, Scotland)[164]
- outwith (regional, Scotland)[165]
- overcross (archaic; rare)[166]
- over-right (regional, Scotland, Southern England, Ireland, Newfoundland)[167]
- overthorter (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[168]
- overthwart (archaic; regional, Eastern, Midland, and Northern England)[169]
- overtop (regional, North America)[170]
- pan (regional, Jamaica)[171]
- pass (regional, Caribbean)[172]
- pon (archaic; regional, Caribbean and Southwestern England)[173]
- quoad (law)[174]
- reserved (obsolete)[175]
- reserving (obsolete)[176]
- sauf (archaic) [177]
- seen (obsolete)[178]
- sen (rare; regional, Northern England and Scotland)[179]
- senza (music)[180]
- side (dialectal, African-American English)[181]
- sidelings (obsolete)[182]
- sidelong (obsolete)[183]
- sides (dialectal, African-American English)[184]
- sin (dialectal, Northern England English and Scots)[185]
- sineth (obsolete)[186]
- sith (archaic')[187]
- sithen (obsolete)[188]
- sithence (obsolete)[189]
- ter (regional)[190]
- thorough (archaic; poetic; rare)[191]
- thorter (regional, Scotland)[192]
- thwart (archaic; nautical; poetic)[193]
- thwart-over (dialectal; obsolete)[194]
- tiv (dialectal, Northern England English)[195]
- touchant (obsolete)[196]
- transverse (obsolete)[197]
- traverse (obsolete)[198]
- twel(l), twill (dialectal, African-American English)[199]
- ultra (obsolete; poetic)[200]
- umbe (obsolete)[201][202]
- unneath (obsolete; poetic)[203]
- upo’ (dialectal, Northern England English and Scots)[204]
- upside (slang, seemingly requires complements containing head or knot)[205][206]
- upsy, upsees (archaic; obsolete)[207][208]
- uptill[209]
- utouth (obsolete; regional, Scotland)[210]
- wid (dialectal, African-American English)[211]
- withinside (archaic; dialectal)[212]
- withoutside (obsolete; rare)[213]
- wiv (dialectal, African-American English and Cockney)[211][214]
- ymong (obsolete)[215]
- yond (obsolete)[216]
- yonside (regional, South Midland U.S.)[217]
Intransitive prepositions
- aground (archaic; poetic)[13][55][218]
- bush (regional, Australia)[56]
- hereat (archaic; obsolete)[13][15][219]
- herefrom (rare)[13][15][220]
- hereon (rare)[13][15][221]
- hither (archaic)[56]
- thereat (archaic; formal)[13][15][222]
- therefrom (archaic; formal)[13][15][223]
- thereon (archaic; formal)[13][15][224]
- thither (archaic)[56]
- whereat (archaic; formal)[13][15][225]
- wherefrom (archaic; formal)[13][15][226]
- whereof (archaic; formal)[13][15][227]
- whereon (archaic; formal)[13][15][228]
- whither (archaic)[56]
- yonder (archaic; dialectal)[56]
Conjunctive prepositions
Complex prepositions
See also
References
- ^ Aarts, Bas (2011). Oxford modern English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-19-953319-0. OCLC 663438373.
- ^ Jespersen, Otto (1924). The Philosophy Of Grammar 1924. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 88.
- ^ Emonds, Joseph (1972). "Evidence That Indirect Object Movement Is a Structure-Preserving Rule". Foundations of Language. 8 (4): 546–561. ISSN 0015-900X.
- ^ Jackendoff, Ray. "The Base Rules for Prepositional Phrases." A Festschrift for Morris Halle, edited by Stephen R. Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1973, pp. 345-356.
- ^ Jaworska, Ewa. "Intransitive Prepositions in Polish." Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, edited by Jacek Fisiak, ERIC Clearinghouse, 1988, pp. 171-82.
- ^ Aarts, Bas. Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 154-158.
- ^ "Language Log » Because syntax". Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ Aarts, Bas (2011). Oxford modern English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-19-953319-0. OCLC 663438373.
- ^ Huddleston, Rodney D. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Pullum, Geoffrey K. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 602. ISBN 0-521-43146-8. OCLC 46641801.
- ^ a b Aarts, Bas (2011). Oxford modern English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-953319-0. OCLC 663438373.
- ^ A Comprehensive grammar of the English language. Quirk, Randolph. London: Longman. 1985. ISBN 0-582-51734-6. OCLC 11533395.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 620–623. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew Aarts, Bas.Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 76-77.
- ^ a b c Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 610. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 613. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ "aloft." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aloft. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 635. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ "apropos." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=apropos. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "astride." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=astride. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "at sign." Dictionary.com Pop Culture Dictionary, Dictionary.com, 2020, www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/at-sign/. Accessed 20 July 2020.
- ^ "atop." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=atop. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "bar 1." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=bar. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Aarts, Bas.Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-953319-0. OCLC 663438373
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ "B4." Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/b4. Accessed 20 July 2020.
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- ^ "but." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=but. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "chez." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chez. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "circa." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=circa. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "circa." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=circa. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "dehors, prep. and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "less." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=less. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 609. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ "o'." Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/o. Accessed 20 July 2020.
- ^ "out." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=out. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "o’er." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=o%27er. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "pace 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=pace. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "per." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=per. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "post, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "pre, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "pro, n.1, adj.1, and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "qua, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "save 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=save. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "thru." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=thru. Accessed 7 July 2020.
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- ^ "till 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=till. Accessed 7 July 2020.
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- ^ "unto, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b "versus." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=versus. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "vice 3." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=vice. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "vis-à-vis." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=vis-à-vis. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "w." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=w. Accessed 20 July 2020.
- ^ "c̄" Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, 2020, www.dictionary.com/browse/-c-. Accessed 20 July 2020.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 614. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 615. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Aarts, Bas.Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 154.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. “4.8 Complement of a Preposition or Adverb.” The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002, pp. 971-72. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ "from, prep., adv., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 July 2020.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Aarts, Bas. Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-19-953319-0. OCLC 663438373
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- ^ "as regards." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=as+regards. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "aside, adv., prep., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "away, adv., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "except." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=except. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 618-20. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
- ^ "à la." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=à+la. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "soon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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- ^ "in case, conj. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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- ^ "prior to." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=prior+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "pursuant to." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=pursuant+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "rather than." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=rather+than. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "regardless of." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=regardless+of. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "subsequent to." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=subsequent+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "such." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=such. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "abaft." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abaft. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "abeam." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abeam. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Aboon, and Other Prepositions You’ve Never Heard." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2020, www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/prepositions-youve-never-heard-of. Accessed 16 July 2020.
- ^ "ablow, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "afore, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "afore." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=afore. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "afront, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "again, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "ahind, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "alongst, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "aloof, adv., int., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "ablow, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "anear, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "amell, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "anent, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "athwart, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "atween, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "atwixt, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "ayond | ayont, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "behither, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "ben." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=ben. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "betwixt, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "'twixt, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "'be-east, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "'benorth, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "'besouth, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "'bewest, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "cross, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "dehors, prep. and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
- ^ "even-forth, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "forby(e, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "fornent | fornenst, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "foregain | foregains(t, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "forth." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=forth. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "fro." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=forth. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "fromward, adj., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "froward, adj., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "gain, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "gainst." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=gainst. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "gainst." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "gainward, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "intill | intil, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
- ^ "'long, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "malgré, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
- ^ "maugre." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=maugre. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "'mong, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "'mongst, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "natheless, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
- ^ "nearabout, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "nearbout, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "nearby, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "nearhand, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "'neath, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "nigh, adv. (and prep.), adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "anigh, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "anighst, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "nigh hand, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "nobbut, prep., conj., and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "non-obstant, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "notwithstand, conj., prep., and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "noughtwithstanding, prep., adv., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "offa, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "offen, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "only adj, adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "or 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=or. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "otherside, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "outcept, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "outen, adv., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
- ^ "out-over, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "outta, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "out-taken, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "out-taking, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "out-through, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "outwith, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "overcross, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "over-right, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "overthorter, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "overthwart, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "overtop, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "pan, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "pass, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "pon, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "quoad, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "reserved, conj. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "reserving, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sauf, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "seen, conj. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sen, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "senza, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "side, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sidelings, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sidelong, adv.1, prep., and adj.2" Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sides adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sin, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sineth, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sith." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=sith. Accessed 30 July 2020.
- ^ "sithen, adv., conj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "sithence, adv., conj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "ter, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "thorough, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "thorter, adv., prep., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "thwart, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "thwart-over, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "tiv, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "touchant, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "transverse, adj., n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "traverse, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "till prep, conj." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "ultra, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "umbe, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
- ^ "umbe." The Century Dictionary, vol. X, Century Co., 1911, p. 6572, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876848&view=1up&seq=214. Accessed 30 July 2020.
- ^ "unneath, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "upo', prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "upside." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=upside. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "upside, n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
- ^ "upsy, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "upsees, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "uptill." The Century Dictionary, vol. X, Century Co., 1911, p. 6664, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876848&view=1up&seq=306. Accessed 20 July 2020.
- ^ "utouth, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ a b "with, adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "withinside, adv., prep., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "withoutside, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "wiv, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "ymong, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "yond, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "yonside, adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
- ^ "aground, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "hereat, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "herefrom, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "hereon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "thereat, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "therefrom, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "thereon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "whereat, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "wherefrom, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "whereof." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=whereof. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "whereon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- ^ "down, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
- ^ "inside, n., adj., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.