Warlock
A witch/wizard is a male practitioner of witchcraft.[1]
Etymology and terminology
The most commonly accepted etymology derives warlock from the Old English wǣrloga meaning "oathbreaker" or "deceiver"[2] and was given special application to the devil (c.1000).[3] In early modern Scots, the word came to be used as the male equivalent of witch (which can be male or female, but has historically been used predominantly for females).[4][5][6] The association to the term "oathbreaker", "liar", or "traitor" was possibly associated with witches and wizards in Scotland as they were seen as someone who made a pact with Auld Hornie (the devil) and thus had betrayed the Christian faith and broke their baptismal vows.[7] From this use, the word passed into Romantic literature and ultimately 20th-century popular culture. A derivation from the Old Norse varð-lokkur, "caller of spirits", has also been suggested,[8][9][10] but the OED considers this implausible due to the extreme rarity of the Norse word and because forms without hard -k, which are consistent with the Old English etymology (“traitor”), are attested earlier than forms with a -k.[11]
History
Although most victims of the witch trials in early modern Scotland were women, some men were executed as warlocks.[12][13][14]
In his day, John Napier was often perceived as a warlock or magician for his interest in divination and the occult, though his establishment position likely kept him from being prosecuted.[15][16]
References
- ^ "Definition of warlock". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ "Warlock". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "warlock". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1957). The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland. Vol. 1. Glasgow: William Maclellan.
- ^ Chambers, Robert (1861). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Sinclair, George (1871). Satan's Invisible World Discovered. Edinburgh.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Howard, Michael (2013). "7". Scottish Witches and Warlocks (1st ed.). Three Hands Press. p. 91.
It is possible that it became associated with wizards and male witches in Scotland in the sense that someone who made a pact with Auld Hornie had betrayed the Christian faith and broken their baptismal vows. In that respect they were considered to be an 'oath breaker', a traitor and an enemy of the Church.
- ^ Cleasby, R.; Vigfusson, G. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. London: Macmillan.
- ^ Olsen, M. (1916). Maal Og Minne. Oslo: Bymalslaget.
- ^ Loewe, M.; Blacker, C. (1981). Oracles and Divination. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 130.
'Vardlokkur'...is related to the Scots dialect word 'warlock', wizard, and the meaning is thought to relate to the power to shut in or enclose"
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, (online) 2nd Edition (1989): "ON. varðlokkur wk. fem. pl. ... incantation, suggested already in Johnson, is too rare (? occurring once), with regard to the late appearance of the -k forms, to be considered."
- ^ Thomas Thomson, A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times (1896), page 286: "Where one man suffered as a warlock, ten women at least were executed as witches."
- ^ Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution (1874), page 244
- ^ Journal of Jurisprudence and Scottish Law Magazine (1891), Execution of the Judgment of Death, page 397: "We read (Law's Memor. Pref. lix.) that 'one John Brugh, a notorious warlock (wizard) in the parochin of Fossoquhy, by the space of thirty-six years, was worried at a stake and burned, 1643.'"
- ^ Roger A. Mason, Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (2006, ISBN 0521026202), page 199
- ^ Julian Havil, John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy (2014, ISBN 1400852188), page 19