Itius Portus
Itius Portus or Portus Itius, an ancient Roman name for a port in Nord-Pas-de-Calais, of unknown location. The main candidates have been Wissant and Boulogne, more usually called Gesoriacum, and later, Bononia, but a silted-up lagoon on the Flanders shore behind Calais now seems most likely.
Caesar
Julius Caesar described calling ships ad portum Itium (used twice) to embark troops for Caesar's invasions of Britain to Britain in 54 BC.
It was certainly near the uplands round Cap Gris Nez (Promunturium Itium), but the exact site has been violently disputed ever since the Renaissance. Many critics have assumed that Caesar used the same port for his first expedition, but the name does not appear at all in that connection.[1] This fact, coupled with other considerations, makes it probable that the two expeditions started from different places.
It used to be generally agreed that he first embarked at Boulogne. The same view was widely held about the second, but T. Rice Holmes in an article in the Classical Review (May 1909) gave strong reasons for preferring Wissant, 4 miles east of Gris Nez. The chief reason is that Caesar, having found he could not set sail from the small harbour of Boulogne with even eighty ships simultaneously, decided that he must take another point for the sailing of the more than 800 ships of the second expedition. Holmes argues that, allowing for change in the foreshore since Caesar's time, 800 specially built ships could have been hauled above the highest spring-tide level, and afterwards launched simultaneously at Wissant, which would therefore have been commodissimus[2] or opposed to brevissimus traiectus.[3]
In fact the logical place to assemble 800 or so ships was in the large lagoon (where now there is farmland and a maze of drainage ditches) behind a coastal fringe of islands (where the modern ports of Calais and Dunkirk now sit) because in Caesar's day an estuary stretched all the way inland to the site of the modern town Saint-Omer. In 1944, French historian Albert Grenier, against the backdrop of Allied invasion of Normandy, reanalysed Caesar's text against modern understanding of wind, weather, tides, and siltation in the English Channel. He concluded Caesar's departure ports were likely to be Boulogne, Wissant, and Quentovic. All would later become important as Roman ports. The English side of the Channel also had many places that were Roman-era ports but were now far inland because of silting.[4]
Subsequent invasions
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Caligula's abortive invasion of Britain c. AD 40 was probably to have departed from Boulogne. The Roman lighthouse which once stood there is believed to have been built by him.[5]
Boulogne is presumed to have been the point of departure for the conquest of Britain of 43 under Aulus Plautius, although the only surviving account of the invasion, that of Cassius Dio, does not mention it.[6] The emperor Claudius followed later with reinforcements, and Suetonius tells us he sailed from Gesoriacum.[7]
References
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.21-23
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.2
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.21
- ^ "Deux ports romains du Pas-de-Calais, Portus Itius et Portus Aepatiacus". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 88 (3 ed.): 372–386. 1944.
- ^ William Smith, [1], A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 60:19
- ^ Suetonius, Claudius 17
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Itius Portus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
- Portus Itius at LacusCurtius: the Britannica article and 8 journal articles laying out the arguments for Boulogne and Wissant.