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For the grass genus, see Leersia.

Asprella
Apertural view of a shell of Asprella inscripta (Reeve, 1843), equivalent to Conus inscriptus Reeve, 1843
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily:
Conoidea
Family:
Conidae
Subfamily:
Puncticuliinae
Genus:
Asprella

Schaufuss, 1869
Synonyms[1]
  • Cylindrella Swainson, 1840
  • Sulciconus Bielz, 1869

Asprella was a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.[1]

In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015), Asprella has become a subgenus of Conus: Conus (Asprella) Monterosato, 1923 (type species: Conus asper Lamarck, 1810 ) represented as Conus Thiele, 1929 [2]

Distinguishing characteristics

The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes Asprella from Conus in the following ways:[3]

Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth periostracum and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the protoconch is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The radula has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur.
Geographical distribution:
These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Feeding habits:
These species eat other gastropods, including cones.[3]
  • Genus Asprella, Schaufuss, 1869
Shell characters (living and fossil species)
The protoconch is multispiral, the body ornamentation reaches the shoulder of the shell or dissipates in the midbody region, and there are nodules on at least the early whorls. The shell has as a deep anal notch. The periostracum is smooth however in some species there are minute hairs, and the operculum is small.
Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
The anterior section of the radula is approximately the same length as the posterior section but in some species one section may be longer than the other. The blade is long and extends between one-third and two-thirds the length of the anterior section of the radular tooth. A basal spur is present, and the barb is short.
Geographical distribution:
These species are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region to and including Australia.
Feeding habits:
These species are vermivorous (i.e. they prey on marine worms).[3]

Species list

This list of species is based on the information in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) list. Species within the genus Aspella include:[1]

The following species names are recognized as "alternate representations" (see full explanation below) in contrast to the traditional system, which uses the genus Conus for all species in the family:[1]

  • Asprella alabasteroides Shikama, 1963: synonym of Conus australis Holten, 1802
  • Asprella armadillo (Shikama, 1971): synonym of Conus armadillo Shikama, 1971
  • Asprella australis (Holten, 1802): synonym of Conus australis Holten, 1802
  • Asprella baeri (Röckel & Korn, 1992): synonym of Conus baeri Röckel & Korn, 1992
  • Asprella blanfordiana (Crosse, 1867): synonym of Conus blanfordianus Crosse, 1867
  • Asprella broderipii (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Conus broderipii Reeve, 1844
  • Asprella bruuni (Powell, 1958): synonym of Conus bruuni Powell, 1958
  • Asprella ciderryi (da Motta, 1985): synonym of Conus ciderryi da Motta, 1985
  • Asprella colmani (Röckel & Korn, 1990): synonym of Conus colmani Röckel & Korn, 1990
  • Asprella conspersa (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Conus conspersus Reeve, 1844
  • Asprella erythraeensis (Reeve, 1843): synonym of Conus erythraeensis Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella fijisulcata (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008): synonym of Conus fijisulcatus Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  • Asprella flava (Röckel, 1985): synonym of Conus flavus Röckel, 1985
  • Asprella gigasulcata (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008): synonym of Conus gigasulcatus Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008
  • Asprella guidopoppei (Raybaudi Massilia, 2005): synonym of Conasprella guidopoppei (Raybaudi Massilia, 2005)
  • Asprella helgae (Blöcher, 1992): synonym of Conus (Asprella) helgae Blöcher, 1992 represented as Conus helgae Blöcher, 1992
  • Asprella ichinoseana Kuroda, 1956: synonym of Conasprella ichinoseana (Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella inscripta (Reeve, 1843): synonym of Conus inscriptus Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella iodostoma (Reeve, 1843): synonym of Conus iodostoma Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella janus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792): synonym of Conus janus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  • Asprella kiicumulus (Azuma, 1982): synonym of Conus kiicumulus (Azuma, 1982)
  • Asprella kinoshitai (Kuroda, 1956): synonym of Conus kinoshitai (Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella kuroharai (Habe, 1965): synonym of Conus kuroharai (Habe, 1965)
  • Asprella laterculata (G.B. Sowerby II, 1870): synonym of Conus laterculatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1870
  • Asprella lienardi (Bernardi & Crosse, 1861): synonym of Conus lienardi Bernardi & Crosse, 1861
  • Asprella limpusi (Röckel & Korn, 1990): synonym of Conus limpusi Röckel & Korn, 1990
  • Asprella lyncea (G.B. Sowerby II, 1858): synonym of Conus lynceus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858
  • Asprella madecassina Bozzetti, 2012: synonym of Conus madecassinus (Bozzetti, 2012)
  • Asprella memiae Habe & Kosuge, 1970: synonym of Conasprella memiae (Habe & Kosuge, 1970)
  • Asprella neptunus (Reeve, 1843): synonym of Conus neptunus Reeve, 1843
  • Asprella nigromaculata (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992): synonym of Conus nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992
  • Asprella ochroleuca (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Conus ochroleucus Gmelin, 1791
  • Asprella oishii Shikama, 1977: synonym of Conus oishii (Shikama, 1977)
  • Asprella pergrandis (Iredale, 1937): synonym of Conus pergrandis (Iredale, 1937)
  • Asprella petergabrieli (Lorenz, 2006): synonym of Conus petergabrieli Lorenz, 2006
  • Asprella pretiosa (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874): synonym of Conus pretiosus G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874
  • Asprella prima (Röckel & Korn, 1990): synonym of Conus primus Röckel & Korn, 1990
  • Asprella pseudokimioi (da Motta & Martin, 1982): synonym of Conus pseudokimioi da Motta & Martin, 1982
  • Asprella quiquandoni (Lorenz & Martin, 2008): synonym of Conus quiquandoni Lorenz & Barbier, 2008
  • Asprella ranongana (da Motta, 1978): synonym of Conus ranonganus da Motta, 1978
  • Asprella richeri (Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988): synonym of Conus richeri Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988
  • Asprella rolani (Röckel, 1986): synonym of Conus (Asprella) rolani Röckel, 1986 represented as Conus rolani Röckel, 1986
  • Asprella schepmani Fulton, H.C., 1936: synonym of Conasprella saecularis (Melvill, 1898)
  • Asprella spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
  • Asprella sulcata (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792): synonym of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
  • Asprella sulcocastanea (Kosuge, 1981): synonym of Conus sulcocastaneus Kosuge, 1981
  • Asprella tannaensis Cotton, 1945: synonym of Conus excelsus G. B. Sowerby III, 1908
  • Asprella teramachii Kuroda, 1956: synonym of Profundiconus teramachii (Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella tisii (T.C. Lan, 1978): synonym of Conus tisii T.C. Lan, 1978
  • Asprella traversiana (E.A. Smith, 1875): synonym of Conus traversianus E. A. Smith, 1875
  • Asprella wakayamaensis Kuroda, 1956: synonym of Conasprella wakayamaensis(Kuroda, 1956)
  • Asprella wittigi (Walls, 1977): synonym of Conus wittigi Walls, 1977

The following species were synonymized, and are not properly within Asprella:[1]

  • Asprella prioris Kuroda, 1956: synonym of Asprella ichinoseana prioris Kuroda, 1956 synonym of Conasprella ichinoseana (Kuroda, 1956)

Significance of "alternative representation"

Prior to 2009, all species within the family Conidae were placed in one genus Conus. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails. This classification was based upon shell morphology, radular differences, anatomy, physiology, cladistics, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies.[3] Published accounts of genera within the Conidae that include the genus Asprella include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011).[4]

Testing in order to try to understand the molecular phylogeny of the Conidae was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn,[5] and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.

However, in 2011, some experts still prefer to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in Conus within the single family Conidae: for example, according to the current November 2011 version of the World Register of Marine Species, all species within the family Conidae are in the genus Conus. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species as "alternative representations."[6] Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional molecular phylogeny studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.[3][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

In 2015, in the Journal of Molluscan Studies, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus Conus. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing four genera: Conus, Conasprella, Profundiconus and Californiconus. The authors group 85% of all known cone snail species under Conus, They recognize 57 subgenera within Conus, and 11 subgenera within the genus Conasprella.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Asprella Schaufuss, 1869.. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.
  2. ^ a b Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23
  3. ^ a b c d e Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.
  4. ^ Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
  5. ^ Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2011-12-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107 Classification: Traditionally, all cone shells have been included in the Linnaean genus Conus. Tucker & Tenorio (2009) have recently proposed an alternative shell- and radula-based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones. In WoRMS, we currently still recognize a single family Conidae (following Puillandre et al. 2011), but Tucker & Tenorio's 80 genera classification is presented as "alternative representation". [P. Bouchet, 14 Aug. 2011]
  7. ^ C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa, Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135
  8. ^ P. Bouchet, Yu I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre (March 2011), A New Operational Classification of the Conoidea, Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:273-308, at p. 275.
  9. ^ N. Puillandre, E. Strong, P. Bouchet, M. Boisselier, V. Couloux, & S. Samadi (2009), Identifying gastropod spawn from DNA barcodes: possible but not yet practicable, Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1311-1321.
  10. ^ P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.
  11. ^ S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific? Evolution 62:1618-1634.
  12. ^ R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.
  13. ^ T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.
  14. ^ T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock, Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.
  15. ^ B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae), Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.

Further reading

  • Kohn A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of Conus, 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
  • Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). The Cone Collector 1: 1-28.
  • Berschauer D. (2010). Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family The Cone Collector 15: pp. 51-54
  • Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea), Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350-363.
Wikispecies has information related to Conus (Asprella).
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