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McKissack & McKissack

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Hubbard House, Nashville; built 1920
Capers C.M.E. Church, Nashville; built in 1925
Morris Memorial Building, Nashville; built in 1925
St. John's Baptist Church, Miami; built in 1940

McKissack & McKissack is an American architecture and engineering firm based for many years in Nashville, Tennessee, and now based in New York City and Washington, D.C. Founded in 1905, it was the first African-American-owned architectural firm in the United States and is the oldest African American-owned architecture and engineering firm in the country.[1][2]

History

The firm was founded by brothers Moses McKissack III (May 8, 1879 – December 12, 1952) and Calvin Lunsford McKissack (February 23, 1890 – March 2, 1968), natives of Pulaski, Tennessee. Their father and grandfather were trained builders. Moses McKissack entered the architecture trade by working as an apprentice to a builder in Pulaski who hired him in 1890 to assist with architectural designs, drawings and construction work. His formal education was obtained at the Pulaski Colored High School. Calvin McKissack was educated at Barrows School in Springfield, Massachusetts, and Fisk University in Nashville, which he attended from 1905 to 1909. Both brothers obtained architectural degrees through a correspondence course.[1][2][3]

Early projects

Between 1895 and 1905, Moses McKissack built houses in Decatur, Alabama, and Mount Pleasant and Columbia, Tennessee. In 1905, he received a commission to build a new house for the dean of architecture and engineering at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. He opened his first architectural office in Nashville and quickly picked up additional jobs designing and building other homes in the West End. The firm's first major project was design of the Carnegie Library on the Fisk University campus. This is a two-story Classic Revival building constructed from brick with a stone columned porch, featuring an interior light well; its cornerstone was laid in 1908 by William Howard Taft, then the U.S. Secretary of War.[1][2][3] Major projects designed by Moses McKissack during the 1910s included the main campus building for the Turner Normal and Industrial School for Negroes in Shelbyville, Tennessee and dormitories for Roger Williams University in Nashville and Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee. By 1920, Moses McKissack had acquired design clients throughout Nashville. Between 1918 and 1922 he designed more than one dozen residences in Nashville and Belle Meade, largely in the Colonial Revival style.[1]

Calvin McKissack, who had worked with his older brother in Nashville, started an independent practice in Dallas, Texas, in 1912, specializing in the design and construction of dormitories and churches. In 1915, he returned to Tennessee, becoming superintendent of industries and a teacher of architectural drawing at the Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School. Three years later, he joined the faculty of Pearl High School as director of the industrial arts department, and later became first executive secretary of the Tennessee State Association of Teachers in Colored Schools.[3]

After Tennessee instituted a registration law for architects in 1921, the McKissack brothers became two of the first registered architects in the state.[1][3] Moses' granddaughter Cheryl said in an interview that state licensing authorities were reluctant to let the brothers take the licensing exam, but decided to allow it based on the expectation that they would fail. After they passed easily, the state authorities balked at giving them licenses, but relented after reports of the situation were published in national news media.[4]

Establishment of partnership

In 1922, Calvin McKissack resigned his job with the teachers organization and the brothers established the partnership of McKissack & McKissack. In 1924, the National Baptist Convention, U.S.A, Inc., hired the firm to design the Morris Memorial Building to house the Nashville offices of the denomination's Sunday School Publishing Board. After the building was completed in 1925, the McKissack firm moved its offices into that building, where they remained for many years.[1][3] In 1927 the McKissacks designed the main library of Tennessee State University in Nashville. During the 1930s they received Works Progress Administration contracts for design of several public school buildings in the city, including Washington Junior High School on Nineteenth Avenue North (demolished), Pearl High School, and Ford Green School.[1]

Around 1940, the firm began to expand outside Tennessee. Architectural licensing boards in some other states were skeptical of the qualifications of black architects. Tennessee authorities responded to their concerns with a statement that McKissack and McKissack was "...somewhat unique in the fact that it is one of the few Negro architectural firms in the country" and had "done some creditable work in Nashville, including several large school buildings running into a total cost of several hundred thousand dollars". The firm received licenses from Alabama in 1941 and from Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi in 1943.[1] In 1942, the McKissack won a $5.7 million U.S. federal government contract to design and build Tuskegee Army Airfield,[5] home to the Tuskegee Airmen's 99th Pursuit Squadron, in Tuskegee, Alabama. At the time, this was the largest federal contract ever awarded to a black-owned company.[1][3][2] The successful on-time completion of the project brought positive attention to the company, including one writer's observation that "no racial friction occurred" in the work force of 1,600, of whom about three-fourths were black and one-fourth white.[1][3] During the 1940s the firm also designed several public housing projects around the country, and Moses McKissack was appointed to President Franklin Roosevelt's White House Conference on Housing Problems. In 1942 the brothers were awarded the Spaulding Medal, recognizing the outstanding Negro business firm in the U.S.[1][3]

Moses McKissack III died on December 12, 1952; McKissack Middle School in Nashville was named in his honor in 1954.[1][6] Calvin McKissack remained with the firm until his death in 1968.[3] William DeBerry McKissack, the youngest son of Moses III, then succeeded his uncle as president of the firm.[3][2] After suffering a stroke, he retired due to illness,[3][7] and his wife, Leatrice Buchanan McKissack, became chief executive officer.[8] Under her leadership, the firm won major contracts for new buildings and renovations at the Fisk University, Tennessee State University and Meharry Medical College campuses in Nashville, as well as a $50 million renovation project for Howard University in Washington, D.C., and design of the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.[2][7]

National expansion and move from Nashville

McKissack & McKissack opened an office in Washington, D.C. in 1990, headed by Deryl McKissack, one of the three daughters of William and Leatrice McKissack.[2] Offices in Chicago and Los Angeles were opened in 2002 and 2008, respectively. The firm's operations in Nashville were terminated in 2002, with spin-off companies headed by William and Leatrice McKissack's daughters continuing in other cities.[9] As of 2013, the family-owned successor companies were reported to have more than 150 professional staff members and over $15 billion in projects.[2] Corporate headquarters of McKissack & McKissack Corporate are in New York City; other offices are in Birmingham, Alabama; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Memphis, and Philadelphia.[10] Cheryl McKissack Daniel, twin sister of Deryl McKissack, heads the New York operations.[4] The Washington, D.C., unit headed by Deryl McKissack is a separate business that also has offices in Chicago, Miami, and Baltimore.[11]

Works

As of 1975 McKissack & McKissack had completed over 3,000 building projects, including about 2,000 churches.[1] Several buildings designed by Moses McKissack, Calvin McKissack, or the McKissack & McKissack firm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[1][12] Among the firm's notable buildings are:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: McKissack and McKissack Buildings in Nashville (1908-1930) Thematic Resources" (PDF). National Park Service (1985). November 21, 1984. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "McKissack & McKissack". AT&T Tennessee African-American History Calendar. AT&T. July 2013. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wynn, Linda T. "McKissack and McKissack Architects (1905- )". Tennessee State University. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Marino, Vivian (February 12, 2013). "Interview: Cheryl McKissack Daniel". New York Times.
  5. ^ Homan, Lynn M.; Thomas Reilly (2001). Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen. Pelican Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781455601257.
  6. ^ "Moses McKissack Middle School". Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Leatrice McKissack, National Visionary". National Visionary Leadership Project. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  8. ^ Sources disagree on the date of his retirement. The AT&T Tennessee African-American History Calendar gives it as 1975, while the National Visionary Leadership Project gives it as 1983.
  9. ^ Daverman, Richard (May 1, 2002). "McKissack & McKissack, historic African-American architecture firm, files Chapter 7". Nashville Post.
  10. ^ "Firm Overview, Program Management & Construction Management Experience" (PDF). McKissack & McKissack Corporate. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  11. ^ "History". McKissack & McKissack DC. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  12. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
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