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Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day

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Anne Brontë

"Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day" is a poem by Anne Brontë, the youngest of the three Brontë sisters. It was first published in the collection Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846). Though it shows some signs of hasty composition the critic Winifred Gérin considered it probably Anne Brontë's finest poem.

Analysis

Brontë's love of the sea is expressed in this poem. In it, the sea is portrayed as "The Great Liberator".[1]

The line "the long withered grass in the sunshine is glancing" and the footnote she wrote at the bottom of the poem reveals that Brontë "loved wild weather, as she loved the sea, and hard country and snow".[2] The poem further indicates the power and spiritual affect of the wind.[3]

The errors in punctuation on lines five and nine, as well as the erasures before "sunshine" and "above" suggest that the poem was written hastily.[4] One interpretation by Winifred Gérin says that in the poem "emotion and expression have achieved a fusion as felicitous as it is rare in Brontë's writing, is probably the best poem she ever wrote, though not the most characteristic".[5]

Composition history

The poem is based upon an actual experience of Brontë's.[6] A note stating "Composed in the Long-Plantation on a wild bright windy day", was written in Anne Brontë's hand at the bottom of the manuscript and the "Long-Plantation" was identified by Edward Chitham as a wood to the East of Kirby Hall toward the River Ouse, though there is no clear evidence that Long Plantation is a real place.[7] This is about a mile north of Thorp Green.[8]

Brontë, who was then serving as a governess,[9] was influenced, both positively and negatively, as a writer by her time at Thorp Green. She was not able to write often at Thorp Green and so this poem was likely written during, or after a vacation. Her stay at Thorp Green was intended to help her become independent and form for her own philosophies and artistic style, but it may have done the opposite effect, as reflected in this poem.[10]

"Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day" was written at Green Thorpe during Brontë's three-year stay from 1842-1845, and may have been influenced by homesickness.[11] She wrote the poem on December 30, 1842. It was composed during the Victorian Crisis of Faith, a period which played a major role in poems and literature during its time.[12] The meter may have been derived from Thomas Moore's style based on Irish folk song. His poem "I saw from the beach" has four quatrains similar in structure to Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day.[13]

"Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day" was first published in Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, May 1846.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gérin, Winifred (1959). Anne Bronte. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. p. 163. ISBN 0713909773.
  2. ^ Harrison, Ada; Stanford, Derek (1970). Anne Bronte: Her Life and Work (2 ed.). United States of America: Archon Books. p. 85. ISBN 0-208-00987-6.
  3. ^ Chitham, Edward (1979). The Poems of Anne Bronte. Totowa, NJ: Towman and Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 0-8476-6100-8.
  4. ^ Chitham, Edward (1979). The Poems of Anne Bronte. Totowa, NJ: Towman and Littlefield. p. 88. ISBN 0-8476-6100-8.
  5. ^ Gérin, Winifred (1959). Anne Bronte. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. pp. 221–222. ISBN 0713909773.
  6. ^ Chitham, Edward (1979). The Poems of Anne Bronte. Totowa, NJ: Towman and Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 0-8476-6100-8.
  7. ^ Chitham, Edward (1979). The Poems of Anne Bronte. Totowa, NJ: Towman and Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 0-8476-6100-8.
  8. ^ Chitham, Edward (1991). A Life of Anne Bronte (First ed.). Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 12. ISBN 0631189440.
  9. ^ Frawley, Maria (1996). Anne Bronte. United States of America: Twayne Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 0-8057-7060-7.
  10. ^ Chitam, Edward. The Poems of Anne Bronte: A new Text and Commentary. Totow, N.J. p.9-11: Rowman and Littlefield.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ^ Gérin, Winifred (1959). Anne Bronte. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. p. 222. ISBN 0713909773.
  12. ^ Larson, Timothy (2006). Crisis of Doubt Honest Faith in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford:OUP Oxford.
  13. ^ Chitham, Edward (1979). The Poems of Anne Bronte. Totowa, NJ: Towman and Littlefield. pp. 175–176. ISBN 0-8476-6100-8.
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