Henry Billingsley

The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570

Sir Henry Billingsley (died 22 November 1606) was an English merchant, Lord Mayor of London and the first translator of Euclid into English.

Early life

He was a son of Sir William Billingsley, haberdasher and assay master of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Harlowe. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1551, and also studied at Oxford, where, under the tutelage of David Whytehead, he developed an interest in mathematics. He did not take a degree but apprenticed to a London merchant. He became a haberdasher, becoming a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers by patrimony in 1560.

Career

Billingsley prospered as a merchant. He was made sheriff of London in 1584 and alderman of Tower Ward in 1585. He became one of Elizabeth's four customs collectors in 1589. In 1596, he succeeded Sir Thomas Skinner as Lord Mayor of London. He was knighted the following year. In 1603, he sat in Parliament for London. He founded three scholarships for poor students at St. John's College and served as President of St. Thomas's Hospital. Though in the introduction of his Euclid he proposed to undertake other translations, he never did so.

Translation of Euclid

In 1570, Billingsley published his translation of Euclid's Elements The elements of geometrie of the most ancient philosopher Euclide of Megara. (Actually, it should have been Euclid of Alexandria; the two Euclids were frequently confused in the Renaissance.) The work included a lengthy preface by John Dee, which surveyed all the existing branches of pure and applied mathematics. Dee also provided copious notes and other supplementary material. The work was printed in folio by John Day, and included several three-dimensional fold-up diagrams illustrating solid geometry. Though not the very first, it was one of the first books to include such a feature.

The translation, renowned for its clarity and accuracy, was made from the Greek rather than the well-known Latin translation of Campanus. Augustus De Morgan has suggested that the translation was solely the work of Dee, but in his correspondence Dee states specifically that only the introduction and the supplementary material were his. Anthony Wood asserted that the translation was largely the work of Whytehead, who spent his final years at Billingsley's house. This story passed from Robert Barnes in Oxford to Thomas Allen; and from Allen to Brian Twyne.

Whytehead did apparently provide some assistance, but there is no evidence that the work is all his; Wood frequently reported gossip as fact. Billingsley's copy of Euclid found its way to Princeton College and Halsted described it, putting to rest the claims that the translation had been made from the Latin and that it was not Billingsley's own work.

Family

He married five times and had at least ten children. The majority of his children were born to his first marriage to Elizabeth Bourne (died July 1577). His third wife Katherine Killigrew (died 1598) came from the prominent Cornish family whose seat was at Arwenack near Falmouth.

He purchased, with his son Henry, Siston Court, Gloucestershire c.1598 from Arthur Player of Westerleigh, who had acquired it in 1595. His daughter Elizabeth married the cloth merchant, Sir John Quarles (not to be confused with the later poet John Quarles).

Siston Court in 1712

Bibliography

• McConnell, Anita. "Billingsley, Sir Henry (d. 1606)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2392. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Diana M. Simpkins "Early editions of Euclid in England", Annals of Science, Volume 22, Number 4, December 1966.
• George Bruce Halsted, "Note on the First English Euclid", American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 2, No. 1. (Mar., 1879), pp. 46–48.

External links

• Several pictures of a copy of Billingsley's Euclid
• Hutchinson, John (1892). "Sir Henry Billingsley" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. p. 16.