Q'ursha
Q'ursha (Georgian: ყურშა; also Qursha or Kursha) is a legendary dog from Georgian mythology. Although he appears in a number of different stories, he is best known as the loyal companion of the culture hero Amirani.[1] His name means "black-ear", a common Georgian name for dogs.[2] He was said to be born of either a raven or an eagle, and is sometimes depicted as having eagle's wings as a result.[3][1] Apart from his wings, Q'ursha was sometimes described with other special features: colossal paws, "lips of gold, and eyes as big as sieves".[4][3] He was attributed supernatural abilities such as a thunderous bark, a leap "as big as a great field"[3] and an infallible ability to track prey.[4][3]
Q'ursha was the subject of the popular Georgian folk song "O my Kursha!", which dates back to at least the 18th century. The Georgian poet Davit Guramishvili, born in 1705, wrote of a desire to hear it again, in a poem describing his youth.[5] There are at least twenty-seven documented versions of the song.[6]
Companions
Amirani, as a national Georgian hero, is the most prominent mythological figure associated with Q'ursha.[7][8] As the son of the mountain goddess Dali and a mortal hunter, he was a demigod of enormous strength.[9] He traveled the earth challenging "demons and dragons alike," until he decides that there are no worthy opponents left for him and issues a challenge to God himself.[9] God chains him to a pole inside a mountain for his defiance, and his faithful hound Q'ursha is trapped along with him.[9] Q'ursha licks Amirani's chains constantly, weakening them more and more until Amirani is almost able to escape.[8][10] However, every year they would be renewed just before Q'ursha could free Amirani.[1][8]
The hunter Betkil was another man said to be accompanied by Q'ursha. Unlike Amirani, Betkil was merely a mortal. The goddess Dali took him as her lover, but when he betrayed her trust by sleeping with a mortal woman, she lured him to the top of a mountain in revenge.[11] He becomes trapped there with Q'ursha. In some versions of the story, Betkil sends Q'ursha for help, and Q'ursha returns with villagers.[12] The villagers throw ropes, but the mountain grows taller and Bektil falls to his death.[4] In other versions of the Betkil story, Q'ursha insists that the starving Betkil kill and eat him. Betkil kills Q'ursha and prepares a fire with his bow and arrows, but in the end, cannot bring himself to eat the dog.[4]
Some sources refer to Q'ursha as a companion of Dali, but he is more commonly associated with hunters.[13]
References
- ^ a b c Jones-Bley, Karlene (1998). Proceedings of the Ninth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, May 23,24, 1997. Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 9780941694650.
- ^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland; Barber, Paul T. (2012-01-02). When They Severed Earth from Sky: How the Human Mind Shapes Myth. Princeton University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-1400842865.
- ^ a b c d Virsaladze, E.B. (2017) [Originally published in Georgian in 1976]. Khukhunaishvili-Tsiklauri, Mary; Abashidze, Elene (eds.). Georgian hunting myths and poetry (PDF). Translated by Hunt, D.G. Georgian National Academy of Sciences. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- ^ a b c d Charachidzé, Georges (1993-05-15). "The Religion and Myths of the Georgians of the Mountains". In Bonnefoy, Yves (ed.). American, African, and Old European Mythologies. Translated by Leavitt, John. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-226-06457-4.
- ^ Virsaladze, E.B. (2017) [Originally published in Georgian in 1976]. Khukhunaishvili-Tsiklauri, Mary; Abashidze, Elene (eds.). Georgian hunting myths and poetry (PDF). Translated by Hunt, D.G. Georgian National Academy of Sciences. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- ^ Hunt, David (2012-05-28). "36. Kvartsikheli Tebru Ivane". Legends of the Caucasus. Saqi. ISBN 9780863568237.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (2009-12-23). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313344978.
- ^ a b c Norvin, William (2007). Classica Et Mediaevalia. Librairie Gyldendal.
- ^ a b c Tuite, Kevin (2006-02-20). "The meaning of Dæl. Symbolic and spatial associations of the south Caucasian goddess of game animals.". In O’Neil, Catherine; Scoggin, Mary; Tuite, Kevin (eds.). Language, Culture and the Individual. A Tribute to Paul Friedrich (PDF). pp. 4–5. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Berman, M; Kalandadze, K; Kuparadze, George; Rusieshvili, Manana (2011-01-01). Georgia through its legends, folklore and people. p. 92.
- ^ Tuite, Kevin (2006-02-20). "The meaning of Dæl. Symbolic and spatial associations of the south Caucasian goddess of game animals.". In O’Neil, Catherine; Scoggin, Mary; Tuite, Kevin (eds.). Language, Culture and the Individual. A Tribute to Paul Friedrich (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Chaudhri, Anna (2002-09-11). "The Caucasian Hunting-Divinity, Male and Female: Traces of the Hunting Goddess in Ossestic Folklore". In Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (eds.). The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 9781134641512.
- ^ Bläsing, Uwe; Arakelova, Victoria; Weinreich, Matthias (2015-06-25). Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian. BRILL. ISBN 9789004302068.