Sodalite
| Sodalite | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Tectosilicates without zeolitic H2O |
| Formula (repeating unit) | Na 8(Al 6Si 6O 24)Cl 2 |
| Strunz classification | 9.FB.10 |
| Crystal system | Cubic |
| Crystal class | Hextetrahedral (43m) H-M symbol: (4 3m) |
| Space group | P43n |
| Unit cell | a = 8.876(6) Å; Z = 1 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Rich royal blue, green, yellow, violet, white veining common |
| Crystal habit | Massive; rarely as dodecahedra |
| Twinning | Common on {111} forming pseudohexagonal prisms |
| Cleavage | Poor on {110} |
| Fracture | Conchoidal to uneven |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5.5-6 |
| Luster | Dull vitreous to greasy |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.27-2.33 |
| Optical properties | Isotropic |
| Refractive index | n = 1.483 - 1.487 |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | Bright red-orange cathodoluminescence and fluorescence under LW and SW UV, with yellowish phosphorescence; may be photochromic in magentas |
| Fusibility | Easily to a colourless glass; sodium yellow flame |
| Solubility | Soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid |
| References | [1][2][3][4] |
| Major varieties | |
| Hackmanite | Tenebrescent; violet-red or green fading to white |
Sodalite is a rich royal blue tectosilicate mineral with the formula Na
8(Al
6Si
6O
24)Cl
2, widely used as an ornamental gemstone. Although massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Sodalite is a member of the sodalite group with hauyne, nosean, lazurite and tugtupite.
First discovered by Europeans in 1811 in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex in Greenland, sodalite did not become important as an ornamental stone until 1891 when vast deposits of fine material were discovered in Ontario, Canada.
Structure
Sodalite is a cubic mineral which consists of an aluminosilicate cage network with Na+ cations in the interframework. This framework forms a cage structure, similar to zeolites. Each unit cell contains two cage structures.[5] Natural sodalite holds primarily chloride anions in the cages, but they can be substituted by other anions such as sulfate, sulfide, hydroxide, trisulfur with other minerals in the sodalite group representing end member compositions.
Properties
A light, relatively hard yet fragile mineral, sodalite is named after its sodium content; in mineralogy it may be classed as a feldspathoid. Well known for its blue color, sodalite may also be grey, yellow, green, or pink and is often mottled with white veins or patches. The more uniformly blue material is used in jewellery, where it is fashioned into cabochons and beads. Lesser material is more often seen as facing or inlay in various applications.
Although somewhat similar to lazurite and lapis lazuli, sodalite rarely contains pyrite (a common inclusion in lapis) and its blue color is more like traditional royal blue rather than ultramarine. It is further distinguished from similar minerals by its white (rather than blue) streak. Sodalite's six directions of poor cleavage may be seen as incipient cracks running through the stone.
Most sodalite will fluoresce orange under ultraviolet light, and hackmanite exhibits tenebrescence.[6]
| Stereo image | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
| Small specimen of Sodalite from Brazil. | |||
Hackmanite
Hackmanite is a variety of sodalite exhibiting tenebrescence.[7] When hackmanite from Mont Saint-Hilaire (Quebec) or Ilímaussaq (Greenland) is freshly quarried, it is generally pale to deep violet but the color fades quickly to greyish or greenish white. Conversely, hackmanite from Afghanistan and the Myanmar Republic (Burma) starts off creamy white but develops a violet to pink-red color in sunlight. If left in a dark environment for some time, the violet will fade again. Tenebrescence is accelerated by the use of longwave or, particularly, shortwave ultraviolet light. Much sodalite will also fluoresce a patchy orange under UV light.
Occurrence
Sodalite was first described in 1811 for the occurrence in its type locality in the Ilimaussaq complex, Narsaq, West Greenland.[1]
Occurring typically in massive form, sodalite is found as vein fillings in plutonic igneous rocks such as nepheline syenites. It is associated with other minerals typical of silica-undersaturated environments, namely leucite, cancrinite and natrolite. Other associated minerals include nepheline, titanian andradite, aegirine, microcline, sanidine, albite, calcite, fluorite, ankerite and baryte.[3]
Significant deposits of fine material are restricted to but a few locales: Bancroft, Ontario, and Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, in Canada; and Litchfield, Maine, and Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in the US. The Ice River complex, near Golden, British Columbia, contains sodalite.[8] Smaller deposits are found in South America (Brazil and Bolivia), Portugal, Romania, Burma and Russia. Hackmanite is found principally in Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Greenland.
Euhedral, transparent crystals are found in northern Namibia and in the lavas of Vesuvius, Italy.
History
The people of the Caral culture traded for sodalite from the Collao altiplano.[9] Sodalite was also traded for at Lukurmata.[10]
Synthesis
The mesoporous cage structure of sodalite makes it useful as a container material for many anions. Some of the anions known to have been included in sodalite-structure materials include nitrate,[11] iodide,[12] iodate,[13] permanganate,[14] perchlorate,[15] and perrhenate.
See also
References
- ^ a b Mindat with locations
- ^ Webmineral data
- ^ a b Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- ^ Hassan, I.; Grundy, H. D. (1984). "The crystal structures of sodalite-group minerals". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 40: 6–13. doi:10.1107/S0108768184001683.
- ^ Rock Roles: Facts, Properties, and Lore of Gemstones By Suzanne Bettonville. p.98
- ^ Kondo, D.; Beaton, D. (2009). "Hackmanite/Sodalite from Myanmar and Afghanistan" (PDF). Gems and Gemology. 45 (1): 38–43. doi:10.5741/GEMS.45.1.38.
- ^ Ice River deposit on Mindat
- ^ The Chinchorro culture: a comparative perspective. The archaeology of the earliest human mummification. By Sanz, Nuria, Arriaza, Bernardo T., Standen, Vivien G., editors. p.92
- ^ Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and North Bolivia, by Charles Stanish, p.162
- ^ Buhl, Josef-Christian; Löns, Jürgen (1996). "Synthesis and crystal structure of nitrate enclathrated sodalite Na8[AlSiO4]6(NO3)2". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 235: 41–47. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(95)02148-5.
- ^ Nakazawa, T.; Kato, H.; Okada, K.; Ueta, S.; Mihara, M. (2000). "Iodine Immobilization by Sodalite Waste Form". MRS Proceedings. 663. doi:10.1557/PROC-663-51.
- ^ Buhl, Josef-Christian (1996). "The properties of salt-filled sodalites. Part 4. Synthesis and heterogeneous reactions of iodate-enclathrated sodalite Na8[AlSiO4]6(IO3)2−x(OH·H2O)x; 0.7 < x < 1.3". Thermochimica Acta. 286 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(96)02971-1.
- ^ Brenchley, Matthew E.; Weller, Mark T. (1994). "Synthesis and structures of M8[ALSiO4]6·(XO4)2, M = Na, Li, K; X = Cl, Mn Sodalites". Zeolites. 14 (8): 682–686. doi:10.1016/0144-2449(94)90125-2.
- ^ Veit, Th.; Buhl, J.-Ch.; Hoffmann, W. (1991). "Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and structure refinement of chlorate- and perchlorate-sodalite". Catalysis Today. 8 (4): 405–413. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(91)87019-J.
