Chiral model

In nuclear physics, the chiral model, introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all. It is a nonlinear sigma model with the principal homogeneous space of the Lie group SU(N) as its target manifold, where N is the number of quark flavors. The Riemannian metric of the target manifold is given by a positive constant multiplied by the Killing form acting upon the Maurer-Cartan form of SU(N).

The internal global symmetry of this model is SU(N)_L × SU(N)_R, the left and right copies, respectively; where the left copy acts as the left action upon the target space, and the right copy acts as the right action. The left copy represents flavor rotations among the left-handed quarks, while the right copy describes rotations among the right-handed quarks, while these, L and R, are completely independent of each other. The axial pieces of these symmetries are spontaneously broken so that the corresponding scalar fields are the requisite Nambu−Goldstone bosons.

This model admits topological solitons called skyrmions.

Departures from exact chiral symmetry are dealt with in chiral perturbation theory.

An outline of the original, 2-flavor model

The chiral model of Gürsey (1960; also see Gell-Mann and Lévy) is now appreciated to be an effective theory of QCD with two light quarks, u, and d. The QCD Lagrangian is approximately invariant under independent global flavor rotations of the left- and right-handed quark fields,

${\begin{cases}q_{L}\mapsto q_{L}'=Lq_{L}=\exp {\left(-i{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{L}\cdot {\tfrac {\boldsymbol {\tau }}{2}}\right)}q_{L}\\q_{R}\mapsto q_{R}'=Rq_{R}=\exp {\left(-i{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{R}\cdot {\tfrac {\boldsymbol {\tau }}{2}}\right)}q_{R}\end{cases}}$

where τ denote the Pauli matrices in the flavor space and θ_L, θ_R are the corresponding rotation angles.

The corresponding symmetry group ${\text{SU}}(2)_{L}\times {\text{SU}}(2)_{R}$ is the chiral group, controlled by the six conserved currents

$L_{\mu }^{i}={\bar {q}}_{L}\gamma _{\mu }{\tfrac {\tau ^{i}}{2}}q_{L},\qquad R_{\mu }^{i}={\bar {q}}_{R}\gamma _{\mu }{\tfrac {\tau ^{i}}{2}}q_{R},$

which can equally well be expressed in terms of the vector and axial-vector currents

$V_{\mu }^{i}=L_{\mu }^{i}+R_{\mu }^{i},\qquad A_{\mu }^{i}=R_{\mu }^{i}-L_{\mu }^{i}.$

The corresponding conserved charges generate the algebra of the chiral group,

$\left[Q_{I}^{i},Q_{I}^{j}\right]=i\epsilon ^{ijk}Q_{I}^{k}\qquad \qquad \left[Q_{L}^{i},Q_{R}^{j}\right]=0,$

with I=L,R, or, equivalently,

$\left[Q_{V}^{i},Q_{V}^{j}\right]=i\epsilon ^{ijk}Q_{V}^{k},\qquad \left[Q_{A}^{i},Q_{A}^{j}\right]=i\epsilon ^{ijk}Q_{V}^{k},\qquad \left[Q_{V}^{i},Q_{A}^{j}\right]=i\epsilon ^{ijk}Q_{A}^{k}.$

Application of these commutation relations to hadronic reactions dominated current algebra calculations in the early seventies of the last century.

At the level of hadrons, pseudoscalar mesons, the ambit of the chiral model, the chiral ${\text{SU}}(2)_{L}\times {\text{SU}}(2)_{R}$ group is spontaneously broken down to ${\text{SU}}(2)_{V}$, by the QCD vacuum. That is, it is realized nonlinearly, in the Nambu-Goldstone mode: The Q_V annihilate the vacuum, but the Q_A do not! This is visualized nicely through a geometrical argument based on the fact that the Lie algebra of ${\text{SU}}(2)_{L}\times {\text{SU}}(2)_{R}$ is isomorphic to that of SO(4). The unbroken subgroup, realized in the linear Wigner-Weyl mode, is ${\text{SO}}(3)\subset {\text{SO}}(4)$ which is locally isomorphic to SU(2) (V: isospin).

To construct a non-linear realization of SO(4), the representation describing four-dimensional rotations of a vector

${\begin{pmatrix}{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\\\sigma \end{pmatrix}}\equiv {\begin{pmatrix}\pi _{1}\\\pi _{2}\\\pi _{3}\\\sigma \end{pmatrix}},$

for an infinitesimal rotation parametrized by six angles

$\left\{\theta _{i}^{V,A}\right\},\qquad i=1,2,3,$

is given by

${\begin{pmatrix}{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\\\sigma \end{pmatrix}}{\stackrel {SO(4)}{\longrightarrow }}{\begin{pmatrix}{{\boldsymbol {\pi }}'}\\\sigma '\end{pmatrix}}=\left[\mathbf {1} _{4}+\sum _{i=1}^{3}\theta _{i}^{V}V_{i}+\sum _{i=1}^{3}\theta _{i}^{A}A_{i}\right]{\begin{pmatrix}{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\\\sigma \end{pmatrix}}$

where

$\sum _{i=1}^{3}\theta _{i}^{V}V_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}0&-\theta _{3}^{V}&\theta _{2}^{V}&0\\\theta _{3}^{V}&0&-\theta _{1}^{V}&0\\-\theta _{2}^{V}&\theta _{1}^{V}&0&0\\0&0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}\qquad \qquad \sum _{i=1}^{3}\theta _{i}^{A}A_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0&\theta _{1}^{A}\\0&0&0&\theta _{2}^{A}\\0&0&0&\theta _{3}^{A}\\-\theta _{1}^{A}&-\theta _{2}^{A}&-\theta _{3}^{A}&0\end{pmatrix}}.$

The four real quantities (π, σ) define the smallest nontrivial chiral multiplet and represent the field content of the linear sigma model.

To switch from the above linear realization of SO(4) to the nonlinear one, we observe that, in fact, only three of the four components of (π, σ) are independent with respect to four-dimensional rotations. These three independent components correspond to coordinates on a hypersphere S³, where π and σ are subjected to the constraint

${\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{2}+\sigma ^{2}=F^{2},$

with F a (pion decay) constant of dimension mass.

Utilizing this to eliminate σ yields the following transformation properties of π under SO(4),

${\begin{cases}\theta ^{V}:{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\mapsto {\boldsymbol {\pi }}'={\boldsymbol {\pi }}+{\boldsymbol {\theta }}^{V}\times {\boldsymbol {\pi }}\\\theta ^{A}:{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\mapsto {\boldsymbol {\pi }}'={\boldsymbol {\pi }}+{\boldsymbol {\theta }}^{A}{\sqrt {F^{2}-{\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{2}}}\end{cases}}\qquad {\boldsymbol {\theta }}^{V,A}\equiv \left\{\theta _{i}^{V,A}\right\},\qquad i=1,2,3.$

The nonlinear terms (shifting π) on the right-hand side of the second equation underlie the nonlinear realization of SO(4). The chiral group ${\text{SU}}(2)_{L}\times {\text{SU}}(2)_{R}\simeq {\text{SO}}(4)$ is realized nonlinearly on the triplet of pions— which, however, still transform linearly under isospin ${\text{SU}}(2)_{V}\simeq {\text{SO}}(3)$ rotations parametrized through the angles $\{{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{V}\}.$ By contrast, the $\{{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{A}\}$ represent the nonlinear "shifts" (spontaneous breaking).

Through the spinor map, these four-dimensional rotations of (π, σ) can also be conveniently written using 2×2 matrix notation by introducing the unitary matrix

$U={\frac {1}{F}}\left(\sigma \mathbf {1} _{2}+i{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}\right),$

and requiring the transformation properties of U under chiral rotations to be

$U\longrightarrow U'=LUR^{\dagger },$

where $\theta _{L}=\theta _{V}-\theta _{A},\theta _{R}=\theta _{V}+\theta _{A}.$

The transition to the nonlinear realization follows,

$U={\frac {1}{F}}\left({\sqrt {F^{2}-{\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{2}}}\mathbf {1} _{2}+i{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}\right),\qquad {\mathcal {L}}_{\pi }^{(2)}={\frac {F^{2}}{4}}\langle \partial _{\mu }U\partial ^{\mu }U^{\dagger }\rangle ,$

where $\langle \ldots \rangle$ denotes the trace in the flavor space. This is a non-linear sigma model.

Terms involving $\textstyle \partial _{\mu }\partial ^{\mu }U$ or $\textstyle \partial _{\mu }\partial ^{\mu }U^{\dagger }$ are not independent and can be brought to this form through partial integration. The constant F²/4 is chosen in such a way that the Lagrangian matches the usual free term for massless scalar fields when written in terms of the pions,

${\mathcal {L}}_{\pi }^{(2)}={\frac {1}{2}}\partial _{\mu }{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\cdot \partial ^{\mu }{\boldsymbol {\pi }}+{\frac {1}{2F^{2}}}\left(\partial _{\mu }{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\pi }}\right)^{2}+{\mathcal {O}}(\pi ^{6}).$

Alternate Parametrization

An alternative, equivalent (Gürsey, 1960), parameterization

${\boldsymbol {\pi }}\mapsto {\boldsymbol {\pi }}~{\frac {\sin(|\pi /F|)}{|\pi /F|}},$

yields a simpler expression for U,

$U=\mathbf {1} \cos |\pi /F|+i{\widehat {\pi }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}\sin |\pi /F|=e^{i~{\boldsymbol {\tau }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\pi }}/F}.$

Note the reparameterized π transform under

$LUR^{\dagger }=\exp(i{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{A}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}/2-i{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{V}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}/2)\exp(i{\boldsymbol {\pi }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}/F)\exp(i{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{A}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}/2+i{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{V}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\tau }}/2)$

so, then, manifestly identically to the above under isorotations, V; and similarly to the above, as

${\boldsymbol {\pi }}\longrightarrow {\boldsymbol {\pi }}+{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{A}F+\cdots ={\boldsymbol {\pi }}+{\boldsymbol {\theta }}_{A}F(|\pi /F|\cot |\pi /F|)$

under the broken symmetries, A, the shifts. This simpler expression generalizes readily (Cronin, 1967) to N light quarks, so $\textstyle {\text{SU}}(N)_{L}\times {\text{SU}}(N)_{R}/{\text{SU}}(N)_{V}.$

See also: Chiral symmetry breaking and Nonlinear realization

References

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• Coleman, S.; Wess, J.; Zumino, B. (1969). "Structure of Phenomenological Lagrangians. I". Physical Review. 177 (5): 2239. Bibcode:1969PhRv..177.2239C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.177.2239.; Callan, C.; Coleman, S.; Wess, J.; Zumino, B. (1969). "Structure of Phenomenological Lagrangians. II". Physical Review. 177 (5): 2247. Bibcode:1969PhRv..177.2247C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.177.2247.
• Georgi, H. (1984, 2009). Weak Interactions and Modern Particle Theory (Dover Books on Physics) ISBN 0486469042 online .
• Fry, M. P. (2000). "Chiral limit of the two-dimensional fermionic determinant in a general magnetic field". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 41 (4): 1691–1710. arXiv:hep-th/9911131. Bibcode:2000JMP....41.1691F. doi:10.1063/1.533204. S2CID 14302881.
• Gell-Mann, M.; Lévy, M. (1960), "The axial vector current in beta decay", Il Nuovo Cimento, 16 (4), Italian Physical Society: 705–726, Bibcode:1960NCim...16..705G, doi:10.1007/BF02859738, ISSN 1827-6121, S2CID 122945049
• Cronin, J. (1967). "Phenomenological model of strong and weak interactions in chiral U(3)⊗U(3)", Phys Rev 161(5): 1483. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.161.1483.