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Fetal bovine serum

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Fetal bovine serum (FBS) comes from the blood drawn from a bovine fetus via a closed system of collection at the slaughterhouse. Fetal bovine serum is the most widely used serum-supplement for the in vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells. This is due to it having a very low level of antibodies and containing more growth factors, allowing for versatility in many different cell culture applications.

The globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), is a major component of fetal bovine serum. The rich variety of proteins in fetal bovine serum maintains cultured cells in a medium in which they can survive, grow, and divide.

FBS is not a fully defined media component, and as such may vary in composition between batches.[1] As a result, serum free and chemically defined media (CDM) have been developed as a matter of good laboratory practice.[2][3] The effectiveness of serum-free media is limited, however; many cell lines still require serum in order to grow, and many serum-free media formulations are intended for narrowly-defined types of cells.[4] Therefore, fetal serum is still widely used in cell culture.[5]

Production

Fetal bovine serum is a by-product of the dairy industry. Fetal bovine serum, as with the vast majority of animal serum used in cell culture, is produced from blood collected at commercial slaughterhouses from dairy cattle that also supply meat intended for human consumption.

The first stage of the production process for fetal bovine serum is the harvesting of blood from the bovine fetus after the fetus is removed from the slaughtered cow. The blood is collected aseptically into a sterile container or blood bag and then allowed to clot. The normal method of collection is cardiac puncture, wherein a needle is inserted into the heart. This minimizes "the danger of serum contamination with micro-organisms from the fetus itself, and the environment".[6] It is then centrifuged to remove the fibrin clot and the remaining blood cells form the clear yellow (straw) colored serum. The serum is frozen prior to further processing that is necessary to make it suitable for cell culture.

The second stage of processing involves filtration, typically using a filtration chain with the final filtration being triple sterile 0.1 micrometre membrane filters. When processed by a reputable commercial serum supplier, the sterilized fetal bovine serum is subjected to stringent quality control testing and is supplied with a detailed Certificate of Analysis. The certificate gives full test results and information concerning the origin of the serum. Certificates of Analysis vary between commercial suppliers, but each usually includes the following details: filtration statement, country of origin, cell growth performance testing, microbial sterility testing, screening for mycoplasma and virus, endotoxin, haemoglobin, IgG and total protein assays.

Ethics

Ethical questions have been raised regarding the blood collection process due to the potential suffering caused to the fetus. Although anoxia or active slaughter could be used to induce unconsciousness or death prior to serum harvesting, exposure of live unborn calves to oxygen can cause them to gain awareness before being killed,[2] resulting in active debate about the ethics of harvesting serum.[6][7]

Serum use

Fetal bovine serum is commercially available from many manufacturers, and because cells grown in vitro are highly sensitive, customers usually test specific batches to check for suitability for their specific cell type. When changing from batch to batch it is usual to adapt the cells to the new batch of material, for example, by mixing 50% of the old serum with 50% of the new serum and allowing the cells to acclimatize to the new material.

Serum is stored frozen to preserve the stability of components such as growth factors. When serum is thawed, some precipitation may be seen. This is a normal phenomenon and it does not compromise the quality of serum in any way. The precipitate may be removed by transferring the serum to sterile tubes and centrifuging for 5 minutes at 400 × g.

To limit the amount of precipitation, it is recommended that the serum is thawed in a refrigerator at 2-8˚C. The serum should be regularly stirred during this process. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles should be avoided and it is advisable to dispense the serum into single use aliquots before freezing.

Technical issues

FBS contains a complex array of protein components that are required by many cells to grow which is why it has been successfully used in cell culture. Unfortunately, large quantities of undefined proteins can lead to unwanted stimulation of cells. This is why 'serum starvation' is commonly used in experiments where subtle changes in cytokine expression need to be measured.[8] This is where FBS can be used to maintain the cells but prior to the experiment, the serum is removed upon passage of the cells to normalize the cytokine expression. Another possible approach is to use charcoal stripped FBS which doesn't seem to be as stimulatory to cells in culture, while at the same time, supporting growth of healthy cell layers.[9]

Source history

Serum produced for use in the biotechnology industry and research sectors is highly regulated. The collection and movement of all animal derived products globally is strictly controlled. Veterinary control of animal derived products largely follows the regulations set by the EU (DG SANCO) and the US (USDA). The current regulation governing the importation of animal by-products into the EU is covered by Regulation (EU) 1069/2009 and the implementation document Regulation (EU) 142/2011.

FBS is a product collected worldwide with the main collections being centered in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Central America, South America and Europe.

Global sales

Sales of FBS in 2008 were estimated to be 700,000 litres globally.

Collectors, manufacturers and end users of FBS globally are members of the ISIA, the International Serum Industry Association. Member companies are listed on the ISIA website. Full contact details are available through this portal and the ISIA is able to answer any questions concerning the collection and use of this important resource.

The International Serum Industry Association was incorporated in June 2006 to self-regulate a previously unstandardized industry. The ISIA Mission Statement states: “ISIA shall establish, promote and assure compliance with uncompromised standards of excellence and ethics in the business practices of the global animal serum and animal derived products supply industry. Our primary focus will be on safety and safe use of serum and animal derived products through proper origin traceability, truth in labeling and appropriate standardization and oversight.”[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Van Der Valk, Jan; Bieback, K.; Buta, C.; Cochrane, B.; Dirks, W. G.; Fu, J.; Hickman, J. J.; Hohensee, C.; Kolar, R.; Liebsch, M.; Pistollato, F.; Schulz, M.; Thieme, D.; Weber, T.; Wiest, J.; Winkler, S.; Gstraunthaler, G. (2018). "Fetal bovine serum (FBS): Past – present – future". Altex. 35 (1): 99–118. doi:10.14573/altex.1705101. PMID 28800376.
  2. ^ a b van der Valk, J.; Brunner, D.; De Smet, K. (2010). "Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media – Replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methods". Toxicology in Vitro. 24 (4): 1053–1063. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016. hdl:1874/191398. PMID 20362047.
  3. ^ Yao, Tatsuma; Asayama, Yuta (2017). "Animal-cell culture media: History, characteristics, and current issues". Reproductive Medicine and Biology. 16 (2): 99–117. doi:10.1002/rmb2.12024. PMC 5661806. PMID 29259457.
  4. ^ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0047/1d428700f44e3d1d5371dd2ea83f984a13fd.pdf
  5. ^ Yao, Tatsuma; Asayama, Yuta (2017). "Animal-cell culture media: History, characteristics, and current issues". Reproductive Medicine and Biology. 16 (2): 99–117. doi:10.1002/rmb2.12024. PMC 5661806. PMID 29259457.
  6. ^ a b Jochems, C; et al. (2002). "The Use of Fetal Bovine Serum: Ethical or Scientific Problem?". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 30 (2): 219–227. doi:10.1177/026119290203000208. PMID 11971757. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  7. ^ Mellor DJ, Gregory NG (2003). "Responsiveness, behavioural arousal and awareness in fetal and newborn lambs: experimental, practical and therapeutic implications". New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 51 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/00480169.2003.36323. PMID 16032283.
  8. ^ Chowdhury, P; Sacks, SH; Sheerin, NS (August 2006). "Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 initiate the innate immune response of the renal tubular epithelium to bacterial products". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 145 (2): 346–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03116.x. PMC 1809678. PMID 16879256.
  9. ^ Antypas, Haris; Libberton, Ben; Melican, Keira (October 2014). "Reducing background cytokine expression in epithelial cells without serum starvation". MethodsX. 1: 251–253. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2014.10.003. PMC 4473026. PMID 26150960.
  10. ^ "Serum Industry". Retrieved 22 February 2013.
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