Bornhardt
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A bornhardt ( /ˈbɔːrnˈhɑːrt/) is a dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock outcropping at least 30 metres (100 ft) in height and several hundred metres in width.[1] They are named after Wilhelm Bornhardt (1864–1946), a German geologist and explorer of German East Africa, who first described the feature.[2][3]
While bornhardt was originally used to sometimes denote a type of inselberg, the term bornhardt is used in modern literature to refer to domed hills and mountains regardless of isolation in the landscape; thus, not all bornhardts are inselbergs and not all inselbergs are bornhardts.[4] Bornhardts are commonly composed of igneous rocks, for example granites.[4] The Sugarloaf Mountain of Rio de Janeiro is a typical example of this landform and is the origin of the common bornhardt nickname "sugar loaf".[5]
Bornhardts are seen at their best in arid and semi-arid regions, but occur over a wide range of climates. Found in diverse topographic settings they mainly occur in multicyclic landscapes. Over geological time bornhardts may degrade to form other landforms such as nubbins (or knolls) and castle koppies.[6] Bornhardts were previously thought of as characteristically tropical landforms, but have been shown to be more related to lithology and rock structure than climate.[7]
Depending on their shape they are known as sugar loaves, whalebacks, turtlebacks or simply domes. They are locally known as dwalas, half-oranges, matopos, etc. Often, the underlying geological fracture pattern is shown by the surface arrangement of bornhardts, as can be seen in the Kamiesberge of Namaqualand and the Everard Ranges of Central Australia.[8]
Bornhardts commonly show extensive sheet jointing. There are two main theories on the origins of bornhardts, each relating to jointing. The exogenetic theory asserts that sheet jointing is formed in response to the emerging topography, while the endogenetic theory suggests that the topography in bornhardts reflects already existing sheet jointing.[9]
See also
- Granite dome – Rounded hills of bare granite formed by exfoliation
- Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
References
Citations
- ^ Mayhew, Susan (2015). A Dictionary of Geography (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-968085-6.
- ^ "Glossery of Terms: Bornhardt". InfoCenter for Environmental Geology. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
- ^ Twidale & Vidal-Romaní 2005, pp. 109–116.
- ^ a b Migoń, Piotr (2004). "Bornhardt". In Goudie, Andrew S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0-415-32737-7.
- ^ Allaby, Michael (2010). A Dictionary of Ecology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-956766-9.
- ^ Twidale, C. R. (2007). "Bornhardts and associated fracture patterns". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 62 (1): 139–153. hdl:2440/43513. ISSN 0004-4822.
- ^ Thomas, Michael F. (2004). "Tropical Geomorphology". In Goudie, Andrew S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. pp. 1063-1069. ISBN 0-415-32738-5.
- ^ Twidale, C. R. (1981). "Granitic Inselbergs: Domed, Block-Strewn and Castellated". The Geographical Journal. 147 (1): 54–71. doi:10.2307/633409. JSTOR 633409.
- ^ Twidale & Vidal-Romaní 2005, pp. 32–48.
Sources
- Twidale, Charles Rowland; Vidal-Romaní, Juan Ramón (2005). Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains. A. A. Balkema. ISBN 0-415-36435-3.
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External links
