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inferences may be erroneous if, in addition to the observed variables under study, there exist other relevant variables that are unobserved, but correlated...

panel analysis, it can be desirable to estimate the magnitude of the fixed effects, as they provide measures of the unobserved components. For instance...

define sound as the waves themselves, then sound would be produced. Can we assume the unobserved world functions the same as the observed world? – e.g...

heterogeneity in duration models can take on different forms. On the one hand, unobserved heterogeneity can play a crucial role when it comes to different sampling...

understanding of universe; therefore, to admit the mysteries of the unobserved universe was to be actually scientific. Bell believed that there were two other...

input–output examples, the distribution of the (unobserved) output of a new point as function of its input data can be directly computed by looking like the observed...

A dynamic unobserved effects model is a statistical model used in econometrics for panel analysis. It is characterized by the influence of previous values...

variations in two unobserved (underlying) variables. Factor analysis searches for such joint variations in response to unobserved latent variables. The...

{\displaystyle c_{i}} is unobserved unit-specific time-invariant effect (call it unobserved effect) and x i t {\displaystyle x_{it}} can be correlated with u...

may be either observed or unobserved, if the former it may be adjusted, if the latter then it has to be predicted. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly...

high altitude, also indicating previously unobserved glacial movements. The new crevasse forms an obstacle to be scaled by climbing parties on the final...

thought experiment, a hypothetical cat may be considered simultaneously both alive and dead, while it is unobserved in a closed box, as a result of its fate...

term for the probability distribution of an unobserved variable. Today, the problem of determining an unobserved variable (by whatever method) is called inferential...

estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation...

the laws concerning dhimmis participating in government were completely unobserved or at least less strictly observed. Even Al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932 CE),...

rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations. These inferences from the observed to the unobserved are known as "inductive...

European, Chinese, Korean, and Arabic sources. It was the second supernova to be observed in a generation (after SN 1572 seen by Tycho Brahe in Cassiopeia)...

between premarital sex and the risk of divorce were attributed to prior unobserved differences, such as deviating from norms. A study conducted by Smith...

classification can be predicted (number of electrons and atomic weight), as well as the existence of relations and of objects hitherto unobserved. Thus, the validity...

might be either positive or negative. Proxy variable must relate to an unobserved variable, must correlate with disturbance, and must not correlate with...