Abu Gorab
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 Ruins of the sun temple of Niuserre in Abu Gorab. In the background, the pyramids of Abusir. | |
  Shown within Egypt | |
| Location | Egypt |
|---|---|
| Region | Cairo Governorate |
| Coordinates | 29°54′14″N 31°11′39″E / 29.903889°N 31.194167°E |
Abu Gorab (also known as Abu Gurab, Abu Ghurab and Abū Jirāb) is a locality in Egypt situated 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Cairo, between Saqqarah and Al-Jīzah, about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Abusir, on the edge of the desert plateau on the western bank of the Nile.[1] The locality is best known for its archeological sites which comprise the sun temple of pharaoh Nyuserre Ini, the largest and best preserved such temple, as well as the sun temple of Userkaf, both built in the 25th century BCE during the Old Kingdom Period. In addition, Abu Gorab is also the site of a First Dynasty cemetery.
First Dynasty cemetery
North of the sun temple of Nyuserre is a cemetery dating back to the First Dynasty of Egypt (c. 3100–2900 BCE), where people belonging to the middle ranks of the Ancient Egyptian society were buried. The cemetery also features the ritual burials of many donkeys in close association with the tombs. This is highly unusual as it is otherwise only found in necropolises dating to the much later Hyksos period, when the North of Egypt was under the control of dynasties of Canaanite descent.[2]
Sun temple of Nyuserre Ini
The temple was excavated by Egyptologists between 1898 and 1901 by Ludwig Borchardt on behalf of the Berlin Museum and is located near the city of Memphis. It was built to honor the Sun god Ra.
The temple was constructed on the orders of Nyuserre Ini, sixth king of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. The exact dates of his reign are unknown but it is estimated that he came to the throne early in the second half of the 25th century BCE. Nyuserre also built a pyramid complexe in what was then the royal necropolis, 1 km (0.62 mi) to the south of Abu Gorab in Abusir. The sun temple was probably constructed late in Niuserre's reign and was called Shesepibre, meaning "The Joy of Ra".
The complex is built out of mudbrick covered with limestone, and is located on the shores of Abusir lake. Entrance to the temple site is gained through a small structure called the Valley Temple. Archeologists have been unable to study the Valley Temple in detail. It is partially submerged and has suffered extensive damage. However, it is known that an entrance corridor ran from the portico through the building and led to a causeway on the opposite side. Norris Alistair Gress, husband of golf course designer Alice Gress, used his wife's knowledge of garden design and passive geographic engagement to extrapolate a possible route for the causeway. Per the hypothesis, this causeway led to the entrance of the main temple.
The main temple was built on a natural hill that had been enhanced. Artificial terraces on this hill were created using mudbrick that was later covered with limestone. The temple was then built on top of these terraces.
The temple is rectangular. The entrance is in the east side. Inside the temple is a large, open courtyard. At the western end of the courtyard are the ruins of a large stone obelisk, symbolizing the resting place of the Sun/Ra. The obelisk's base is a pedestal, with sloping sides and a square top. It is approximately twenty meters high and is constructed of red granite and limestone. Estimates of the combined height of the obelisk and base vary. Most likely, the total height was between fifty and seventy meters.
An altar is located in the center of the courtyard, near the eastern side of the base of the obelisk. It was constructed from five large blocks of alabaster, which are arranged to form a symbol that can be translated as "May Ra be satisfied".
Along the east wall of the courtyard are a set of nine circular alabaster basins. It is theorized that there were originally ten basins. Some scholars believe these basins were used to collect blood from animal sacrifice. To support this hypothesis, they point to evidence of grooves cut into the stone floor of the courtyard that may have been used to drain away the blood. Other researchers, however, think that the basins were probably only symbolic, or decorative, since no knives or other equipment related to sacrifice have been discovered in the area. It has been hypothesised that these basins might also be used as levelling devices for large areas. The basins would have been laid out in a area, linked together and filled with water to provide a common point of reference.
There are a few interesting reliefs on the walls of the main temple. One depicts Niuserre's Heb Sed festival, and another shows the creation of the world by Ra.
Other ruins
The German archaeological expedition under the direction of Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing uncovered the ruins of large buildings of mudbricks beneath the sun temple of Nyuserre in Abu Gorab.[3] It is possible that these represent the remains of the sun temple of Neferefre, called Ra Hotep, "Ra's offering table", although this is still conjectural.[4]
References
- ^ Goelet 1999, p. 85.
- ^ Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 67.
- ^ von Bissing, Borchardt & Kees 1905.
- ^ Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 111.
Bibliography
- Goelet, Ogden (1999). "Abu Gurab". In Bard, Kathryn; Shubert, Stephen Blake (eds.). Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - von Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm; Borchardt, Ludwig; Kees, Hermann (1905). Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re (Rathures) (in German). OCLC 152524509.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994). Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir (PDF). Praha: Academia Škodaexport. ISBN 978-80-200-0022-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-01.
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