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Academic quarter (year division)

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An academic quarter refers to the division of an academic year into four parts.

Historical Context

The modern academic quarter calendar can be traced to the historic English law court / legal training pupillage four term system:

  • Hilary: January–April
  • Easter: April–May
  • Trinity: June–July
  • Michaelmas: October–December

This quarter system was adopted by the oldest universities in the English-speaking world (Oxford, founded circa 1096,[1] and Cambridge, founded circa 1209[2]).

Over time, Cambridge dropped Trinity Term and renamed Hilary Term to Lent Term, and Oxford also dropped the original Trinity Term and renamed Easter Term as Trinity Term, thus establishing the three-term academic "quarter" year widely found in countries with a lineage to England or the United Kingdom.

United States

In the United States, quarters typically comprise 10 weeks of class instruction,[3] although they have historically ranged from eight to 13 weeks.[4] Academic quarters first came into existence as such when William Rainey Harper organized the University of Chicago on behalf of John D. Rockefeller in 1891. Harper decided to keep the school in session year-round and divide it into four terms instead of the then-traditional two.[4]

Of the four traditional academic calendars (semester, quarter, trimester, and 4-1-4), the semester calendar is used the most widely, at over 60% of U.S. higher learning institutions, with fewer than 20% using the quarter system.[5] This number has stayed fairly constant since 1930, when 75% of U.S. institutions surveyed indicated they used a semester plan, with 22% on the quarter system.[6]

During the 1960s, a number of U.S. statewide educational systems made a switch from a semester to quarter system, typically in an attempt to accommodate the Tidal Wave I enrollment boom, most prominently the University of California system.[7] Since then, UC Berkeley switched back to semesters in 1983,[8] the new UC Merced branch opened with the semester system, and some UC professional schools have switched back to semesters at various points.[7] At various points since, committees have been established and official discussions have taken place within the UC system to discuss a systemwide switch back to the semester system.[7][9]

In recent years, a number of higher education institutions have considered or already approved a switch to a semester system including the higher education systems of Ohio[10][11] and Georgia,[12] and individual public colleges.[13] Rochester Institute of Technology has announced their intention to convert to semesters by Fall 2013, although the decision is highly controversial, overriding a student vote to remain with quarters.[14]

Arguments

Concerns over the quarter system include faculty dislike of the brevity of the term, the loss of faculty research and collaboration time, the shortness of student internship periods, difficulties in recovering from illness-linked absence, and the heavy administrative workload.[5]

A quarter system calendar also may put schools at a disadvantage in competing for prospective students, who wish to keep in-step with friends, and offer more opportunities for students to "disconnect from school."[5]

Quarter systems do allow students to enroll in a richer variety of courses and school-coordinated internships and may encourage students to take on double majors, minors, concentrations, and the like.[5] A quarter system can maximize the use of college facilities in a time of enrollment growth, as it allows for four regular periods of academic instruction.[15] Also, quarters allow for faculty to engage in terms with a relatively light course load of teaching and greater opportunities for short sabbaticals.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "University of Oxford - History". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
  2. ^ "University of Cambridge - History". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
  3. ^ Practice Resources, NAFSA: Association of International Educators
  4. ^ a b Kemp Malone, 'Semester' , American Speech, Dec. 1946, p. 264
  5. ^ a b c d Report of the 1998-99 ad hoc Calendar Committee, Northeastern University, July 30, 1999[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ H.W. James, The Semester versus the Quarter, Journal of Higher Education, Oct. 1930, p. 38
  7. ^ a b c d Debate: Semesters or Quarters, UCLA Faculty Senate Voice, Apr. 2003 (iss. 3) Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Harlan Lebo, Semester vs. quarter?, UCLA Today, 2002 Archived August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Chris Ziegler, Faculty Considers Switch from Quarter to Semester, (University of California, Santa Barbara) Daily Nexus, Jan. 29, 1990 (reprinted Jan. 29, 2007) Archived May 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Rich Rouan, OU Ready to Consider Switch to Semesters, Columbus Dispatch, June 26, 2008
  11. ^ University of Cincinnati planning switch to semesters, Business Courier of Cincinnati, Apr. 29, 2008
  12. ^ Hoyt Coffee, Regents Set Semester Switch, Georgia Tech Alumni magazine, Spring 1996
  13. ^ Tony Boom, SOU studies semester switch, Mail-Tribune, Apr. 3, 2001
  14. ^ http://www.rit.edu/conversion/
  15. ^ Sarah Mohajeri, From Semesters to Quarters, in UCLA in the sixties, May 24, 2005 Archived September 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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