Age of Gerombolan
Age of Gerombolan (Indonesian: Zaman Gerombolan) or literally translates to Age of Hordes, were a term used for period of political instability and regional armed conflicts mainly between communists, Islamist, and secular nationalist in newly independent Indonesia particularly during early Liberal democracy period under Sukarno.[1] It is also a term frequently used to refer the direct rule of Darul Islam in rural area of West Java,[2] South Sulawesi, and South Kalimantan where Darul Islam militia had strong base until early 1960s.[3][4][5] Although the specific year is not agreed, it is generally referred to conflicts after 1949 and well-used until 1962, although sporadic rebellions mostly under Darul Islam did not end until early 1970s.[6][7][8] The term "gerombolan" or hordes sometimes also used to refer other rebel groups during the time such as Permesta, Mandau Talawang Pancasila, rebellion under Andi Aziz, and Republic of South Maluku.[9][10][3][11]
References
[edit]- ^ Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (19 March 2019). "Zaman Kacau Balau: Kala Kaum Kiri Menunggangi Gerakan DI/TII". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ Arifianto, Bambang. "Zaman Gorombolan dalam Karya Sastra dan Kawih Sunda, Suasana Muram dan Getir di Konflik DI/TII dan Pemerintah - Pikiran-Rakyat.com". www.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ a b Andini, Batari Oja (2017-04-30). "The Islamization in Bugis Society during the Darul Islam Era under Kahar Muzakar in 1960s". DINIKA: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies. 2 (1): 23–34. doi:10.22515/dinika.v2i1.107. ISSN 2503-4227.
- ^ Wulandari, Eka; Jumadi, Jumadi; Malihu, La (2020-08-17). "Aktivitas Gerombolan DI/TII dan Dampaknya Terhadap Masyarakat Sidrap 1950-1965". Pattingalloang (in Indonesian). 7 (2): 160–171. doi:10.26858/jp.v7i2.13725 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2686-6463.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Rahmadi, Rahmadi (2020-11-11). Komando Resor Militer (Korem) 141/Toddopuli di Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 1956-1980 (other thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Hasanuddin.
- ^ "Zaman Gorombolan (DI/TII)". Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ "Kenangan Ramadan Zaman "Gorombolan"". Jernih.co. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ Matanasi, Petrik (15 August 2017). "Zaman Susah 'Negara Islam' di Sulawesi Selatan". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ Pramisti, Nurul Qomariyah (2 March 2019). "Permesta, Pemberontakan Atau Bukan?". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ van Klinken, Gerry (2006-04-01). "Colonizing Borneo: State-Building and Ethnicity in Central Kalimantan". Rochester, NY. SSRN 1876543.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Asma, Nur (2015). MAROS PADA MASA DI/TII 1953-1965* (Maros in The Period Of DI/TII in (1953-1965) (masters thesis). Universitas Negeri Makassar.