Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan is a significant sector of the economy. According to the CIA World Factbook, it comprises 18% of the total GDP and occupies 48% of the total labor force. Only 6.8% of the total land area is used for crop cultivation, but 44% of the land is used as pastures for livestock. Because of the many mountains of Kyrgyzstan, animal husbandry remains a significant part of the agricultural economy.
Cultivation is centered in the Ferghana Valley, Talas Province, and Chuy Province.
Among Kyrgyzstan's agricultural products are tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits, and berries. As far as total production, the largest crop is assorted types of animal fodder to feed the livestock of the country. The second largest crop is winter wheat, followed by barley, corn, and rice.
Significant animal derived products include sheep, goats, cattle, and wool. Chickens, horses, and pigs are also present. In some regions, yaks are herded and bred.
Of these, the top products for export are cotton and tobacco. Meat is also exported, but in less significant quantities. However, the country has over 9 million hectares of pasture and a favourable environment for the development of animal husbandry. Recently Kyrgyzstan concluded accords to export meat to Saudi Arabia from September, 2012.[1]
Corruption in the Tobacco Industry
In 2010, AOI-Kyrgyzstan, a Kyrgyz subsidiary of Alliance One International Inc., a global tobacco leaf merchant headquartered in North Carolina, United States, pleaded guilty to violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), relating to bribes paid to Kyrgyzstan government officials in connection with its purchase of Kyrgyz tobacco.[2]
Alliance One was formed from a merger between Dimon Incorporated and Standard Commercial Corporation in 2005.[3] AOI-Kyrgyzstan admitted that employees of Dimon’s Kyrgyz subsidiary paid a total of approximately US$3 million in bribes from 1996 to 2004 to various officials in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, including officials of the Kyrgyz Tamekisi, a government entity that controlled and regulated the tobacco industry in Kyrgyzstan.[4][5] Bribes totalling US$254,262 were made to five local provincial government officials, known as "Akims",[2] to obtain permission to purchase tobacco from local growers during the same period.[6]
There was also significant incidence of child labor in the tobacco industry. In fact, the 2013 U.S. Department of Labor report on the worst forms of child labor indicated that 4.5% of children aged 5 to 14 were engaged in such working conditions in tobacco cultivation, and that despite the availability of education, evidence suggested that "a limited number of schools required children to harvest tobacco on school grounds".[7] Despite adopting an action plan for the National Program against Human Trafficking for 2013-2016, "interagency coordination on child labor continued to be poor", according to the report. More recently in December 2014, the Department's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor reported tobacco as a good still produced by Kyrgyz children, among others. To tobacco, the list added cotton, the cultivation of which was determined by national law as hazardous.
Organic farming
The organic movement began in Kyrgyzstan in 2004, and at that time 34 pioneer farmers were engaged in it. Today, Bio Farmer unites more than a thousand of certified farmers and offers organic products such as cotton, sunflower seeds, beans, medical and aromatic plants, and dried apricots. According to experts, organic farming is most suitable to countries with generally small farms, cheap labor and a shortage of capital. Thus, organic farming may become Kyrgyzstan’s perfect future.[8]
See also
Sources
References
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan Intends Exporting Meat to Saudi Arabia". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ a b US DoJ (1 January 2011). "Alliance One International Inc. And Universal Corporation Resolve Related FCPA Matters Involving Bribes Paid To Foreign Government Officials". US DoJ. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ AllianceOne. "Company Overview". AllianceOne.
- ^ US DoJ (30 September 2010). "Summaries of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Enforcement Actions by the United States" (PDF). US DoJ.
- ^ US SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (6 August 2010). "U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION". SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION.
- ^ SEC Whistleblower. "United States v. Alliance One Tobacco Osh, LLC". SEC Whistleblower.
- ^ The Kyrgyz Republic, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor
- ^ Agriculture in the Black Sea Region, Kyrgyzstan: Organic farming may become Kyrgyzstan’s perfect future
