Albion W. Tourgée

Albion Winegar Tourgée
Born	(1838-05-02)May 2, 1838 Williamsfield, Ohio
Died	May 21, 1905(1905-05-21) (aged 67)
Nationality	United States
Alma mater	University of Rochester
Occupation(s)	Jurist, Politician
Known for	Color-blind justice, founder of Bennett College

Albion Winegar Tourgée (May 2, 1838 – May 21, 1905) was an American soldier, Radical Republican, lawyer, writer, politician, and diplomat. A pioneer civil rights activist, he founded the National Citizens' Rights Association, established the historically black women's college Bennett College, and litigated for the plaintiff Homer Plessy in the famous segregation case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Historian Mark Elliott credits Tourgée with introducing the metaphor of "color-blind justice" into legal discourse.

Early life

Historical marker in front of Albion Tourgée's boyhood home near Kingsville, Ohio; marker placed in May 2015.

Born in rural Williamsfield, Ohio on May 2, 1838, Tourgée was the son of farmer Valentine Tourgée and Louisa Emma Winegar. His mother died when he was five. He attended common schools in Ashtabula County and in Lee, Massachusetts, where he spent two years living with an uncle. Tourgée entered the University of Rochester in 1859. Interestingly, he showed no interest in politics until the university attempted to ban the Wide Awakes, a paramilitary campaign organization affiliated with the Republican Party. Tourgée took on the administration and succeeded in reaching a compromise with the University president. Due to lack of funds, he left the university in 1861 without attaining a degree. He taught school as a way to raise money to return to Rochester, but with the outbreak of the Civil War, in April of the same year, he enlisted in the 27th New York Volunteer Infantry before completing his collegiate studies. As was common practice at many universities at that time, Tourgée was awarded an A.B. degree in absentia in June 1862.

Military service

On the left: Lt. Albion W Tourgée, 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in 1863

Tourgée was wounded in the spine at the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major battle of the war, from which he suffered temporary paralysis and a permanent back problem that plagued him for the rest of his life. Upon recovering sufficiently to resume his military career, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. At the Battle of Perryville, he was again wounded. On January 21, 1863, Tourgée was captured near Murfreesboro, Tennessee and was held as a prisoner-of-war in Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia, before his exchange on May 8, 1863. He resumed his duties and fought at the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. Under pressure from the military because of his medical condition, Tourgée resigned his commission on December 6, 1863 and returned to Ohio. He married Emma Doiska Kilbourne, his childhood sweetheart, with whom he had one child.

Reconstruction

After the war, Tourgée returned to Ohio, where he studied law and gained entrance to the Ohio bar. The Tourgées soon moved to Greensboro, North Carolina, where he and his wife could live in a warmer climate better suited to his war injuries. While there, he established himself as a lawyer, farmer, and editor, working for the Republican newspaper the Union Registrar. In 1866, he attended the Convention of the Southern Loyalists, where he unsuccessfully attempted to push through a resolution for African American suffrage. An active participant as a Reconstruction Carpetbagger in his new home, Tourgée had a number of inspiring and harrowing experiences that gave him ample material and impetus for the writing he would later undertake. In 1868 he represented Guilford County at the state constitutional convention, which was dominated by Republicans. There, he successfully advocated for equal political and civil rights for all citizens; ending property qualifications for jury duty and officeholding; popular election of all state officers, including judges; free public education; abolition of whipping posts for those convicted of crimes; judicial reform; and uniform taxation. Nevertheless, he discovered that putting these reforms on paper did not translate into an ease of putting them into practice.

Tourgée was elected to the 7th Disctict superior court as a judge from 1868 to 1874, and he confronted the increasingly violent Ku Klux Klan, which was very powerful in his district and repeatedly threatened his life. During this time, Tourgée was also appointed as one of three commissioners in charge of codifying North Carolina’s previously dual law code system into one. The new codified civil procedures, at first stridently opposed by the state’s legal practitioners, proved in time the most flexible, and informal system in the Union. Among his other activities, he served as a delegate to the 1875 constitutional convention and ran a losing campaign for Congress in 1878.

Literary life

Albion's first literary endeavor was the novel Toinette, written while living in North Carolina between 1868 and 1869. It was not published until 1874 under the pseudonym "Henry Churton"; it was renamed A Royal Gentleman when it was republished in 1881.

Financial success came in 1879 with the publication of A Fool's Errand, by One of the Fools, (Fords, Howard & Hulbert, Nov 1879) a novel based on his experiences of Reconstruction, which sold 200,000 copies. Its sequel, Bricks Without Straw, also was a bestseller.

In 1881, Tourgée moved to Mayville, New York, near the Chautauqua Institution, and made his living as writer and editor of the literary weekly The Continent until it failed in 1884. He wrote many more novels and essays in the next two decades, many about the Lake Erie region to which he had located, including Button's Inn. One of his books explored social justice from a Christian perspective; this thought-provoking and controversial tome—Murvale Eastman: Christian Socialist—was published in 1890.

Plessy v. Ferguson case

What would become the Plessy v. Ferguson case began when a group of prominent black leaders in New Orleans organized a "Citizens' Committee" in September 1891 to challenge Louisiana's 1890 law intended "to promote the comfort of passengers" by requiring all state railway companies "to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing separate coaches or compartments" on their passenger trains. To assist them in their challenge, this group retained the legal services of "Judge Tourgée," as he was popularly known.

Perhaps the nation's most outspoken white Radical on the "race question" in the late 1880s and 1890s, Tourgée had called for resistance to the Louisiana law in his widely read newspaper column, "A Bystander's Notes," which, though written for the Chicago Republican (later known as the Chicago Daily Inter Ocean and after 1872 known as the Chicago Record-Herald), was syndicated in many newspapers across the country. Largely as a consequence of this column, "Judge Tourgée" had become well known in the black press for his bold denunciations of lynching, segregation, disfranchisement, white supremacy, and scientific racism, and he was the New Orleans Citizens' Committee's first choice to lead their legal challenge to the new Louisiana segregation law. Before the case began, Tourgee played a strategic role, for instance suggesting a light-skinned person to challenge the law. Dan Desdunes, the son of prominent Citizens Committee leader Rodolphe Desdunes was initially selected, but his case was thrown out because he boarded an inter-state train and it was decided state law did not apply. Homer Plessy was then selected and he was arrested after boarding an intra-state train.

Tourgée, who was lead attorney for Homer Plessy, first deployed the term "color blindness" in his briefs in the Plessy case, and had used it on several prior occasions on behalf of the struggle for civil rights. Indeed, Tourgee's first use of "color blindness" as a legal metaphor came decades before while serving as a Superior Court judge in North Carolina. In his dissent in Plessy, Justice John Marshall Harlan borrowed the metaphor of "color blindness" from Tourgée’s legal brief.

Later life

In the wake of a 1892 lynching in Memphis known as the Peoples Grocery lynching, anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells asked Tourgee to represent her in a libel case against Memphis Commercial Tourgee, having largely retired from law (with the exception of his work with the New Orleans "Citizens' Committee") refused. Tourgee recommended Wells contact his friend, Ferdinand Lee Barnett, and Barnett agreed to take the case. This may have been Barnett's introduction to Wells, whom he would marry two years later. Barnett came to agree with the advise of Tourgee that the case could not be won as a black woman would never win such a case heard by a white, male jury, and the case was dropped.

In 1897, following Tourgée's involvement in the Plessy case, President William McKinley appointed him U.S. consul to France, and he lived and served there in Bordeaux until his death in early 1905. He became gravely ill for several months, but then appeared to rebound. The recovery was only momentary, however, and he succumbed to acute uremia, probably resulting from one of his Civil War wounds.

Tourgée's ashes were interred in Mayville, New York, at the Mayville Cemetery and are commemorated by a 12-foot granite obelisk inscribed thus: I pray thee then Write me as one that loves his fellow-man.

About 1900, he joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, an influential veterans' organization composed of men who had served in the Union Army in the Civil War, and had been at some point commissioned officers. He was assigned Companion No. 13949.

Other

On September 5, 1880 Tourgée met his wife in court to settle a financial dispute. Tourgée won, and his wife was issued a $35 fine and sentenced to jail. There is no evidence that she actually served any time, and their marriage did not suffer any lasting harm by this obscure incident. In fact, one biographer of Tourgée, after mentioning that they met as students at Kingsville Academy, made the following observation: "It was a case of love at first sight, on Tourgee's part at least; for when he first saw her, he confidentially remarked to a friend, 'I'm going to marry that girl,' and after an engagement of five years he did so. The remark he made to her on his death bed, 'Emma, you have been the one perfect wife,' was but little exaggerated, as succeeding events [in his life showed]."

Books

Fiction

• Toinette (1874)
• Figs and Thistles: A Western Story (1879)
• A Fool's Errand (1879)
• Bricks Without Straw (1880)
• 'Zouri's Christmas (1881)
• John Eax and Marmelon; or, The South Without the Shadow (1882)
• Hot Plowshares (1883)
• Button's Inn (1887)
• Black Ice (1888)
• With Gauge and Swallow, Attorneys (1889)
• Murvale Eastmas, Christian Socialist (1890)
• Pactolus Prime (1890)
• '89 (1891)
• A Son of Old Harry (1892)
• Out of the Sunset Sea (1893)
• An Outing with the Queen of Hearts (1894)
• The Mortgage on the Hip-Roof House (1896)
• The Man Who Outlived Himself (1898) stories

Nonfiction

• The Code of Civil Procedure of North Carolina, with Barringer & Rodman (1878)
• An Appeal to Caesar (1884)
• The Veteran and His Pipe (1886)
• Letters to a King (1888)
• The War of the Standards: Coin and Credit vs. Coin Without Credit (1896)
• The Story of a Thousand, Being a History of the 105th Volunteer Infantry, 1862-65 (1896)
• A Civil War Diary, ed by Dean H. Keller (post, 1965)

References

• Mark Elliott, Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson (2006).
• Michael Kent Curtis, "Tourgée" in The American National Biography. (2000)
• Otto Olsen, Carpetbagger's Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgée (1965)
• Roy F. Dibble, Albion W. Tourgée (1921)
• J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina (1914)
• "Albion W. Tourgée Dead.", The New York Times, May 22, 1905, p. 7.
• Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, William S. Powell, Ed., "Albion Winegar Tourgee", (North Carolina Press 1979)

External links

• Works by Albion W. Tourgée at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Albion W. Tourgée at the Internet Archive
• A Fool's Errand. By One of the Fools.
• New York Heritage - Albion Winegar Tourgée Collection
• Albion Winegar Tourgée (1887). Button's Inn. Roberts Brothers. (1887)