Amazophrynella
| Amazophrynella | |
|---|---|
| |
| Amazophrynella minuta | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Amazophrynella Fouquet et al, 2012[1] |
| Type species | |
| Atelopus minutus Melin, 1941
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Amazonella Fouquet et al, 2012[2] | |
Amazophrynella is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae.[3][4] They are found throughout the Amazon Basin.[3]
Taxonomy
Amazophrynella was separated from Dendrophryniscus in 2012 based on molecular genetic evidence that indicated deep divergence between an Amazonian and an Atlantic Forest clade, the latter retaining the name Dendrophryniscus whereas the former was described as a new genus Amazonella,[2] later amended to Amazophrynella because of homonymy.[1][3] The analysis suggested that Amazophrynella is the sister taxon of Dendrophryniscus, but a later study has suggested a more distant relationship.[3]
Description
Amazophrynella are small toads measuring 12–27 mm (0.47–1.06 in) in snout–vent length. The hind limbs are well developed. The parotoid glands are absent, as are vocal slits and tympana. The skin is uniformly and finely granulose. Dorsal coloration is cryptic.[2]
Amazophrynella are pond breeders, which is presumably an ancestral trait in bufonids (most Dendrophryniscus breed in phytotelmata).[2]
Species
There are seven recognized species:[3][4]
- Amazophrynella amazonicola Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015
- Amazophrynella bokermanni (Izecksohn, 1994)
- Amazophrynella javierbustamantei Rojas-Zamora, Chaparro, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Hrbek, and Gordo, 2016
- Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, and Hrbek, 2014
- Amazophrynella matses Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015
- Amazophrynella minuta (Melin, 1941)
- Amazophrynella vote Ávila, Carvalho, Gordo, Kawashita-Ribeiro, and Morais, 2012
References
- ^ a b Fouquet, Antoine; Recoder, Renato; Teixeira, Mauro; Cassimiro, José; Amaro, Renata Cecília; Camacho, Agustín; Damasceno, Roberta; Carnaval, Ana Carolina; Moritz, Craig; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2012). "Amazonella Fouquet et al., 2012 (Anura:Bufonidae) junior homonym of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari:Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3244: 68.
- ^ a b c d Fouquet, Antoine; Recoder, Renato; Teixeira, Mauro; Cassimiro, José; Amaro, Renata Cecília; Camacho, Agustín; Damasceno, Roberta; Carnaval, Ana Carolina; Moritz, Craig; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses reveal deep divergence between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest species of Dendrophryniscus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (3): 826–838. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.023. PMID 22166838.
- ^ a b c d e Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.