View source for Angolar Creole

{{Short description|Portuguese-based creole of São Tomé and Príncipe}}
{{redirect|Angolar|the Angolan currency|Angolan angolar}}
{{Expand Portuguese}}
{{Infobox language
|name        = Angolar Creole
|nativename  = ''n'golá''
|states      = [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|speakers    = {{sigfig|7,900|1}}
|date        = 2019
|ref         = e25
|familycolor = Creole
|fam1        = [[Portuguese-based creole|Portuguese Creole]]
|fam2        = Lower Guinea
|iso3=aoa
|glotto=ango1258
|glottorefname=Angolar
|lingua=51-AAC-ad
}}
'''Angolar Creole''' ({{langx|aoa|n'golá}}) is a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-based [[creole language]] of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], spoken in the southernmost towns of [[São Tomé Island]] and sparsely along the coast, especially by [[Angolares|Angolar]] people. It is also called ''n'golá'' by its native speakers. It is a [[creole language]] with a majority [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] lexicon and a heavy substrate of a dialect of [[Kimbundu language|Kimbundu]] (port. Quimbundo), a [[Bantu language]] from inland [[Angola]], where many had come from prior to being enslaved. It is rather different from [[Sãotomense]], the other creole language spoken on the island.

== Description ==
It is a Portuguese-based creole language different from other Portuguese-based creole languages in Africa. The main difference is the substrate form [[Kimbundu]] and [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] from Angola.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorenzino |first1=Gerardo A. |title=The Angolar Creole Portuguese of São Tomé : its grammar and sociolinguistic history |date=1998 |publisher=LINCOM Europa |location=München |isbn=978-3895865459}}</ref>

== History ==
In the middle of the 16th century, a [[slave ship]] from Angola sunk before the southern coast of [[São Tomé Island|São Tomé]]. The surviving people aboard settled the coast as free fishermen. Their language was different from other creole language on the island. Today, between 10% and 20% of its linguistic elements are still of African origin.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Christóvão |editor1-first=Fernando |title=Dicionário temático da Lusofonia |date=2005 |publisher=ACLUS |location=Lissabon/Luanda/Praia/Maputo |isbn=972-47-2935-4 |page=614 |edition=1}}</ref>

European Portuguese is mostly spoken in formal situations, in the media, business, education, judicial system and legislature, while Angolar and Sao Tomean Portuguese are preferred for informal situations as a [[vernacular language]] in day-to-day life and daily activities, and [[code switching]] even occurs between Angolar, standard European Portuguese, and São Tomean Portuguese in informal speech.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Maurer |first=Philippe |title=L'angolar: Un créole afro-portugais parlé à São Tomé |date=1995 |publisher=Buske |location=Hamburg |language=French |trans-title=Angolar: An Afro-Portuguese creole spoken in São Tomé}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lorenzino |first=Gerardo |title=The Angolar Creole Portuguese of São Tomé: Its Grammar and Sociolinguistic History |date=1998 |publisher=Lincom Europa |location=Munich}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{incubator|aoa}}
* [https://apics-online.info/surveys/36 APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Angolar]

{{Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe}}
{{Portuguese Creoles}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Portuguese language in Africa]]


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