Arsenical keratosis
An arsenical keratosis is a growth of keratin on the skin caused by arsenic[1]: 725 , which occurs naturally in the earth's crust and is widely distributed in the environment,[2] Arsenical compounds are used in industrial, agricultural, and medicinal substances. Arsenic is also found to be an environmental contaminant in drinking water (well water) and an occupational hazard for miners and glass workers.[3]: 640 Arsenic may also causes other conditions including: Bowen's disease,[4] cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic disorders, and various types of cancer.[5] Arsenical keratoses may persist indefinitely, and some may develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic arsenic squamous cell carcinoma and arsenic-induced malignancies in internal organs such as the bladder, kidney, skin, liver, and colon, may result in death.[5]
Pathophysiology
Arsenite impairs nucleotide excision repair,[6] and it may also affect gene expression by increasing or decreasing DNA methylation. The high affinity of arsenic for sulfhydryl groups makes keratin-rich cells (e.g., epidermal keratinocytes) a sensitive target for arsenic-induced toxicity. Arsenic has been shown to alter epidermal keratinocyte differentiation processes,[7] induce overexpression of growth factors,[8] and enhance proliferation of human keratinocytes.
Treatment
- A chelating agent (e.g., dimercaprol) may be helpful to correct acute arsenic exposure, but it has minimal or no effect for patients who had arsenic exposure a long time ago.
- Oral retinoids (e.g., acitretin,[4][9][10] etretinate[11]) may be helpful in treating arsenic-induced cutaneous lesions and in reducing the risk of cutaneous and internal malignancy formation, especially in Bowman's disease.
- Topical 5-fluorouracil cream[10] or 5% imiquimod cream[12] may be useful in treating arsenical keratoses and Bowen's disease.
References
- ^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ^ Duker AA, Carranza EJ, Hale M (July 2005). "Arsenic geochemistry and health". Environ Int. 31 (5): 631–41. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.020. PMID 15910959.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Yerebakan O, Ermis O, Yilmaz E, Basaran E (February 2002). "Treatment of arsenical keratosis and Bowen's disease with acitretin". Int. J. Dermatol. 41 (2): 84–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01372.x. PMID 11982642.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Tchounwou PB, Centeno JA, Patlolla AK (January 2004). "Arsenic toxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis--a health risk assessment and management approach" (PDF). Mol. Cell. Biochem. 255 (1–2): 47–55. doi:10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007260.32981.b9. PMID 14971645.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hartwig A, Groblinghoff UD, Beyersmann D, Natarajan AT, Filon R, Mullenders LH (February 1997). "Interaction of arsenic(III) with nucleotide excision repair in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts". Carcinogenesis. 18 (2): 399–405. doi:10.1093/carcin/18.2.399. PMID 9054635.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kachinskas DJ, Phillips MA, Qin Q, Stokes JD, Rice RH (November 1994). "Arsenate perturbation of human keratinocyte differentiation". Cell Growth Differ. 5 (11): 1235–41. PMID 7848924.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Germolec DR, Yoshida T, Gaido K; et al. (November 1996). "Arsenic induces overexpression of growth factors in human keratinocytes". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141 (1): 308–18. doi:10.1006/taap.1996.0288. PMID 8917704.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Son SB, Song HJ, Son SW (March 2008). "Successful treatment of palmoplantar arsenical keratosis with a combination of keratolytics and low-dose acitretin". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 33 (2): 202–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02596.x. PMID 18039342.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Khandpur S, Sharma VK (October 2003). "Successful treatment of multiple premalignant and malignant lesions in arsenical keratosis with a combination of acitretin and intralesional 5-fluorouracil". J. Dermatol. 30 (10): 730–4. PMID 14684956.
- ^ Sharma SC, Simpson NB (1983). "Treatment of arsenical keratosis with etretinate". Acta Derm. Venereol. 63 (5): 449–52. PMID 6197851.
- ^ Boonchai W (April 2006). "Treatment of precancerous and cancerous lesions of chronic arsenicism with 5% imiquimod cream". Arch Dermatol. 142 (4): 531–2. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.4.531. PMID 16618886.