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Assassination of Armand Călinescu

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Assassination of Armand Călinescu
Newspaper headline announcing the assassination
Date21 September 1939; 85 years ago (1939-09-21)
LocationCotroceni, Bucharest, Romania
DeathsPrime Minister of Romania Armand Călinescu and his bodyguard, Radu Andone
AccusedMembers of the Iron Guard with Nazi support
SentenceSummary execution of nine suspects[1]

Armand Călinescu, at the time the Prime Minister of Romania, was assassinated on 21 September 1939 in Bucharest by Iron Guard members under the direct leadership of Horia Sima (exiled in Steglitz at the time). This was the culmination of several assassination attempts against him,[2][3] which included an attack on the Romanian Athenaeum and bombing a bridge over the Dâmboviţa River — both of which were uncovered by police.[4] Călinescu was on a secret blacklist at the same time as Nicolae Titulescu, Dinu Brătianu, and General Gabriel Marinescu.[2]

Assassination

The action was apparently carried out with German approval and assistance.[5][6] On 1 September, representatives of Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Iron Guard met in Copenhagen with Mihail R. Sturdza (Romania's ambassador to Denmark and a supporter of Sima), to discuss Călinescu's killing.[7][8] Some details of the subsequent plan were offered to Romanian authorities by a renegade member of the Iron Guard, Mihai Vârfureanu.[9] A death squad was formed, having as its members the lawyer Dumitru "Miti" Dumitrescu (who had been trained by the Gestapo and returned to Romania through Hungary),[7][4] the students Cezar Popescu, Traian Popescu, Ion Moldoveanu, Ion R. Ionescu, and the draftsman Ion Vasiliu.[7] Contacting each other in the area around Ploieşti, they initially planned to kill Călinescu, King Carol and General Marinescu together, and probably aimed to accomplish this in the Prahova Valley.[7][10]

On 21 September, while passing through the Eroilor area on its return from the Cotroceni Palace, Călinescu's luxury automobile, a Cadillac, was ambushed by that of the assassins, who shot Călinescu, his bodyguard Radu Andone, and his driver. Miti Dumitrescu drove his car into the Premier's, which came to sudden stop as it ran into a cart — Andone was gunned down as he stepped out of the car, and Călinescu as he was waiting on the back seat; over twenty bullets were recovered from his body.[11][12] Sima, who is known to have crossed the border illegally in August of that year,[13][8] was alleged to have disguised himself as a woman in order to witness the actions from nearby;[13] other sources indicate a certain Marin Stănculescu as the covert supervisor.[14] Ironically, Călinescu had never trusted the safety of his Cadillac, and had repeatedly asked Gavrilă Marinescu to allow him use of an armored car.[14]

The group of assassins left the vicinity before the arrival of police forces, and stormed into offices of the Radio Broadcasting Society, holding the employees at gunpoint and cutting short the live airing of a waltz. Traian Popescu announced that the group had killed the Premier.[13][15] The message was not broadcast, as, unbeknownst to the assassins, transmission had already been interrupted by radio staff.[13]

Legacy

The vast majority of sources reacting to the events made ample mention of German backing for Călinescu's killers, with the exception of German media. German sources alleged that Polish and British political forces had supported the assassination as a means to pressure Romania into abandoning its neutrality — this version was supported by, among others, Hans Fritzsche.[16][6]

An even more severe repression of the Iron Guard followed under the provisional leadership of Gheorghe Argeşanu — it was inaugurated by the immediate execution of the assassins and the public display of their bodies at the murder site, for days on end.[17][18][12] A placard was set up on the spot, reading De acum înainte, aceasta va fi soarta trădătorilor de ţară ("From now on, this shall be the fate of those who betray the country"), and students from several Bucharest high schools were required to visit the site (based on the belief that this was going to dissuade them from affiliating with the Guard).[19] Executions of known Iron Guard activists were ordered in various places in the country (some were hanged on telegraph poles, while a group of Legionnaires was shot in front of Ion G. Duca's statue in Ploieşti);[6] in all, 253 were killed without trial.[20] Călinescu was succeeded by Marinescu as Minister of the Interior and by Ioan Ilcuş as Minister of Defense.

One year later, the Iron Guard took its revenge against the repressors. Under the National Legionary State (the Iron Guard's government), Marinescu and Argeşanu, alongside other politicians, were executed in Jilava prison, in the Jilava massacre of September 1940. Also at that time, the Călinescu family crypt in Curtea de Argeş was dynamited,[17][18][21] while a bronze bust of him which awaited unveiling was chained and dragged through the streets of Piteşti.[17] Călinescu's wife Adela was required to hand all of her husband's personal documents, and, in a letter to Conducător Ion Antonescu, claimed to have been repeatedly harassed by agents of Siguranţa Statului.[22]

References

  1. ^ Mattox, Henry E. (2015). Chronology of World Terrorism, 1901-2001. McFarland. p. 48. ISBN 9781476609652. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b Ciobanu, p. 56.
  3. ^ Ignat & Matei, pp. 71, 72, 75; Savu, pp. 69–70.
  4. ^ a b Ignat & Matei, p. 72.
  5. ^ Ciobanu, pp. 57, 58, 59; Ignat & Matei, pp. 71–73; Savu, p. 69.
  6. ^ a b c Veiga, p. 262.
  7. ^ a b c d Ciobanu, p. 58.
  8. ^ a b Ignat & Matei, p. 73.
  9. ^ Ciobanu, p. 57; Ignat & Matei, pp. 71–72.
  10. ^ Ignat & Matei, pp. 71, 72, 73.
  11. ^ Ciobanu, pp. 58–59; Ignat & Matei, pp. 74–75.
  12. ^ a b Veiga, p. 261.
  13. ^ a b c d Ciobanu, p. 59.
  14. ^ a b Ignat & Matei, p. 74.
  15. ^ Ignat & Matei, p. 71.
  16. ^ Ignat & Matei, p. 76.
  17. ^ a b c Ciobanu, p. 60.
  18. ^ a b Ignat & Matei, p. 75.
  19. ^ Veiga, pp. 261–262.
  20. ^ Iordachi, p. 39.
  21. ^ "Rumania Tries Arms Maker in Guard Revolt", in The Washington Post, 29 January 1941.
  22. ^ "Din arhiva..."
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