Austrocidaria similata
| Austrocidaria similata | |
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| Male | |
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| Female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | Austrocidaria |
| Species: | A. similata
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| Binomial name | |
| Austrocidaria similata | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Austrocidaria similata is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found throughout the country including on off shore and sub Antarctic Islands. This species inhabits native forest and shrubland. Eggs are while in appearance and oval in shape and take approximately three weeks to mature. Larvae mimic the appearance of a moss covered twig and feed on Coprosma species. It has been hypothesised that this species overwinters as larvae. The larvae pupate on the ground with the pupa being enclosed in a thin cocoon made up of silk and refuse. Adults are on the wing all year but are most commonly observed from October until March. Adults are nocturnal and are attracted to light. During the day they can be observed resting on tree trunks where its forewing colouration provides camouflage protection from predators.
Taxonomy
[edit]It was first described by Francis Walker in 1862 using a specimen obtained by William Colenso collected either in Hawkes Bay or Taupō and named Cidaria similata.[3] In 1875 thinking they were describing a new species Felder & Rogenhofer named this species Cidaria timarata.[4] This name was synonymised by Edward Meyrick in 1883.[5][6][2] George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species in both his 1898 and 1928 publications under the name Hydriomena similata.[7][8] In 1939 L. B. Prout discussed this species under the name Euphyia nigrofasciata as an aberration of Eyphyia similata.[9] John S. Dugdale synonymised this name with A. similata in his 1988 publication.[2] In 1964 John S. Dugdale, following Hudson, used the name Hydriomena similata when discussing and illustrating this species.[10] In 1971 Dugdale subsquently placed this species within the genus Austrocidaria.[11] The male holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London.[2]
Description
[edit]
The eggs of this species are coloured white and are oval in shape. They mature over the space of approximately three weeks.[12]
Hudson described the larvae of this species as follows:
The larva, which feeds on Coprosma robusta and C. rotundifolia, is about 1 inch in length, rather stout, slightly attenuated at each end; dull brown thickly speckled and streaked with blackish; the central portions of the three thoracic segments are green as well as a series of prominent dorsal ridges situated on the posterior margins of the other segments; the spiracles are black margined with white and the legs and prolegs pale green. Younger larvae have the dorsal ridges much less conspicuous, and whitish tubercles are often situated on segments 7, 8, 9 and 10.[8]
Hudson goes on to explain that the larvae resembles a small twig covered in moss thus making it hard to detect on its food plant. Hudson also believed that this species over winters in its larval state.[8]
Hudson describes the pupa of this species as follows:
The pupa is enclosed in a thin cocoon, constructed of silk and refuse, situated on the surface of the ground.[8]
Hudson also described the adults of this species as follows:
The expansion of the wings is 1+1⁄4 inches. The fore-wings are dark greyish-brown or purplish-brown, with the veins and margins broadly marked with bright green; there are numerous irregular wavy blackish streaks forming three very ill-defined darker transverse bands; the first at the base; the second from about one-fourth to two-thirds, usually with a paler central area; and the third near the termen outwardly edged with white. There is a series of fine black terminal marks and the cilia are dark brown. The hind-wings are cream-coloured tinged with very pale reddish-brown, darker towards the dorsum, with numerous pale brown wavy transverse lines. There is a series of black crescentic marks on the termen, and the cilia are pale reddish-brown.[8]
This species is similar in appearance to A. callichlora but can be distinguished from that species as A. similata has a purple-grey coloured mark where the forewings meet.[13] A. similata can also be distinguished from this species as it has two white oblong shaped white patches on the bottom of its forewings near its abdomen when the wings are at rest.[14] Hudson states that it can commonly be observed resting on moss covered tree trunks and that its colouring provides camouflage protection against predators.[7]
Distribution
[edit]Austrocidaria similata is endemic to New Zealand.[1] This species is found on the Auckland Islands, Campbell Island / Motu Ihupuku, Snares Islands, the Chatham Islands and mainland New Zealand, Stewart Island / Rakiura and Codfish Island / Whenua Hou.[15][16]
Habitat and hosts
[edit]This species inhabits native forest and shrubland where its larval host species can be found.[14] The larvae feed on Coprosma species.[17][18]
Biology and behaviour
[edit]Adults are on wing throughout the year but are most common in the months from October to March.[13] The adults of this species are nocturnal and are attracted to light.[10][19]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b "Austrocidaria similata (Walker, 1862)". www.nzor.org.nz. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
- ^ a b c d Dugdale , J. S. (23 September 1988). "Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa". Fauna of New Zealand. 14. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: 176. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.14. ISSN 0111-5383. Wikidata Q45083134.
- ^ Walker, Francis (1862). "Part XXV: Geometrites (continued)". List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. 25: 1281–1477 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ von Felder, Cajetan; Rogenhofer, Alois Friedrich (1875). Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Vol. 2. Wien. pp. Plate CXXXII Figure 19.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Edward Meyrick (September 1883). "Monograph of New Zealand Geometrina". New Zealand Journal of Science. 1: 528. Wikidata Q110691894.
- ^ Edward Meyrick (May 1884). "A Monograph of the New Zealand Geometrina". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 16: 76. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q109615359.
- ^ a b George Vernon Hudson (1898), New Zealand moths and butterflies (Macro-lepidoptera), Illustrator: George Hudson, London, p. 50, doi:10.5962/BHL.TITLE.7912, OCLC 980865393, Wikidata Q19073637
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e Hudson, G. V. (1928), The butterflies and moths of New Zealand, Illustrator: George Hudson, Wellington: Ferguson and Osborn Limited, pp. 99–100, LCCN 88133764, OCLC 25449322, Wikidata Q58593286
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Prout, L. B. (1939). "Geometridae: Fauna Indo-Australica". The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 12: 290 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b John Stewart Dugdale (1964). "Insects of Campbell Island. Appendix. Lepidoptera: Geometridae". Pacific Insects Monographs. 7: 610–612. ISSN 0078-7515. Wikidata Q110661075.
- ^ Dugdale, J. S. (10 November 1971). "Entomology of the Aucklands and other islands south of New Zealand: Lepidoptera, excluding non-crambine Pyralidae". Pacific Insects Monographs. 27: 97. ISSN 0078-7515. Wikidata Q64006453.
- ^ David Edward Gaskin (1966), The butterflies and common moths of New Zealand, p. 126, Wikidata Q115000559
- ^ a b Robert Hoare (2014). A Photographic Guide to Moths & Butterflies of New Zealand. Illustrator: Olivier Jean-Philippe Ball. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-86966-399-5. Wikidata Q59396160.
- ^ a b Carey Knox (2024). Butterflies & Moths of Aotearoa New Zealand. John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-913679-66-8. Wikidata Q130640046.
- ^ Patrick, B. H. (1997). "Codfish Island moths". The Weta. 20 (1): 17–20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.728.6325.
- ^ Marris, J. W. M. (2000-06-01). "The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Antipodes Islands, with comments on the impact of mice; and an annotated checklist of the insect and arachnid fauna". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 30 (2): 169–195. doi:10.1080/03014223.2000.9517616. hdl:10182/5721. ISSN 0303-6758. S2CID 84422117.
- ^ Department of Conservation (July 2005). Crown Pastoral Land Tenure Review - Lake Hawea part 1 (PDF) (Report). Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ^ "Austrocidaria similata (Walker, 1862)". plant-synz.landcareresearch.co.nz. 9 Jul 2013. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
- ^ Lyford, Brian M. (1994). "Lepidoptera and Trichoptera from Paroa, near Greymouth, New Zealand". New Zealand Entomologist. 17 (1): 46–51. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.728.7273. doi:10.1080/00779962.1994.9721984. ISSN 0077-9962.
