View source for Ayub Khan

{{short description|President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]]
| name                = Ayub Khan
| honorific_suffix    = [[Hilal-i-Jur'at|HJ]]
| native_name         = {{No bold|{{Script/Nastaliq|ایوب خان}}}}
| native_name_lang    = ur
| image               = President Ayub Khan.jpg
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Khan in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1966
| order               = 2nd [[President of Pakistan]]
| office              = 
| term_start          = 27 October 1958
| term_end            = 25 March 1969
| primeminister       = 
| predecessor         = [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
| successor           = [[Yahya Khan]]
| prior_term          = <!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| order2              = 10th [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| office2             = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start2         = 28 October 1958
| term_end2           = 21 October 1966
| president2          = ''Himself''
| primeminister2      = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| deputy2             = Muhammad Khurshid<br>S. Fida Hussain<br>Nazir Ahmed<br>S. I. Haque<br />([[Pakistan Secretary of Defence|Defence Secretary]])
| predecessor2        = [[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro]]
| successor2          = [[Afzal Rahman Khan]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| term_start3         = 24 October 1954
| term_end3           = 11 August 1955
| governor_general3   = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]<br>[[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
| primeminister3      = [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]
| deputy3             = [[Akhter Husain]]<br />([[Pakistan Secretary of Defence|Defence Secretary]])
| predecessor3        = Mohammad Ali Bogra
| successor3          = [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order4              = 12th [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
| office4             = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start4         = 23 March 1965
| term_end4           = 17 August 1965
| deputy4             = [[Interior Secretary of Pakistan|Interior Secretary]]
| president4          = ''Himself''
| predecessor4        = [[Khan Habibullah Khan|K. H. Khan]]
| successor4          = [[Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan|Ali Akbar Khan]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order5              = 3rd [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| office5             = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start5         = 23 January 1951<ref name=Ankit />
| term_end5           = 26 October 1958
| deputy5             = [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]<br />{{Collapsible list|title=See list|1={{plain list|[[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Yusuf Khan (1951–53)<br />Maj-Gen. [[Mian Hayaud Din|M. H. Din]] (1953–55)<br />Maj-Gen. [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi|Sher Khan]] (1955–57)<br />Maj-Gen. [[Yahya Khan]] (1957–58)
}}
}}
| predecessor5        = [[Douglas Gracey|Sir Douglas Gracey]]
| successor5          = [[Musa Khan (general)|Musa Khan]]
| governor_general5   = {{ubl|[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]|[[Ghulam Muhammad (governor-general)|Ghulam Muhammad]]|[[Iskander Ali Mirza|Iskander Mirza]]|''Office abolished; succeeded by [[President of Pakistan|President]]''}}
| president5          = [[Iskander Ali Mirza|Iskander Mirza]]
| primeminister5      = {{ubl|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]]|[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]|[[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]|[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]|[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]]|[[I. I. Chundrigar]]|[[Feroz Khan Noon]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
}}
| order6              = [[Chief Martial Law Administrator| Interim Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| office6             = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start6         = 7 October 1958
| term_end6           = 27 October 1958
| president6          = [[Iskander Mirza]]
| predecessor6        = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]
| successor6          = [[Nurul Amin]] (1971)
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| pronunciation       = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1907|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1974|4|19|1907|5|14|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| resting_place       = [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], [[Haripur District|Haripur]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality         = {{ubl|[[British Indian]] (1907–1947)|Pakistani (1947–1974)}}
| party               = [[Convention Muslim League]] (before 1974)
| otherparty          = [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (1962)
| height              = <!-- "X cm", "X m"  or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| spouse              = 
| partner             = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| relations           = 
| children            = 2, including [[Gohar Ayub Khan]], Grandchildren: [[Omar Ayub Khan]], [[Arshad Ayub Khan]]
| parents             = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| mother              = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father              = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| relatives           = 
| residence           = 
| education           = 
| alma_mater          = 
| occupation          = 
| profession          = 
| known_for           = 
| salary              = 
| net_worth           = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| cabinet             = [[Ministry of Talents]]
| committees          = 
| portfolio           = 
| signature           = 
| signature_alt       = 
| website             = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1928–47)}}<br />{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947–58)}}
| branch              = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]]<br />{{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1928–1958{{efn|Ayub retired from active service in 1958; however, he made himself field marshal in 1959. See "Military Ruler Gets Himself Elevated", ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 27 October 1959
{{blockquote
|Dawn October 27, 1959 (News Report)

President Ayub made Field Marshal

General Mohammad Ayub Khan was conferred the rank of Field Marshal by the presidential cabinet. The communique said that the conferment of this rank will serve to demonstrate to the world in a humble way the high esteem in which he is held by his people and how grateful the nation is to its saviour. The rank of Field Marshal is the highest rank of armies built on the patron of the British Army. The press communique added that by a peaceful revolution last year the President had not only defended the territorial integrity of Pakistan but had also saved the very existence of the nation.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1355171#tab-1|title=Gen. Ayub becomes President|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 September 2017|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
}}}}
| rank                = [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]]{{efn|Ayub never had an active regular military appointment of the rank of field marshal, his last military appointment was the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the rank of full general.}}
| unit                = [[15th Punjab Regiment]]
| commands            = {{ubl|[[Adjutant general|Adjutant-General]], [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]]|[[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|14th Infantry Division]], [[Dacca]]}}
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan Campaign]]
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Pacific War]]
*** [[Burma campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
* [[Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
** [[Bajaur Campaign]]
* [[Operation Desert Hawk]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
{{tree list/end}}
| footnotes           = 
| order3              = 4th [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
}}
{{Ayub Khan sidebar}}
'''Mohammad Ayub Khan'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nq|محمد ایوب خان}}}}}} (14 May 1907{{Snd}}19 April 1974) was a Pakistani general and politician who served as the [[List of presidents of Pakistan|2nd]] [[president of Pakistan]] from 1958 to 1969. He rose to prominence following the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup]] that abrogated the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 constitution]]. He also served as the 1st [[chief martial law administrator]] from 1958 to 1962<ref name="h483">{{cite web | title=Biography, Reforms, & Martial Law | website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] | date=20 Jul 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Ayub-Khan | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> and the 3rd [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief]] of the Pakistan Army from 1951 to 1958. Khan's presidency ended in 1969 when he resigned amidst [[1968–69 Pakistan revolution|widespread protest]]s between 1968 and 1969.

Born in the [[North-West Frontier Province]], Khan was educated from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and trained at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]], [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]]. He fought in the [[Second World War]] on the British side against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. After the [[partition of India]] in August 1947, he joined the [[Pakistan Army]] and was posted in [[East Bengal]]. In 1951, he became the first native commander-in-chief, succeeding General [[Douglas Gracey|Sir Douglas Gracey]]. From 1953 to 1958, he served in the [[Ministry of Talents|civilian government]] as [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence]] and [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home Minister]] and supported president [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]'s decision to impose martial law against prime minister [[Feroze Khan administration|Feroze Khan's administration]] on 7 October 1958. Two weeks later, after a breakdown in [[civil–military relations]], Khan seized presidency in a [[1958 Pakistani military coup|military coup]], the [[Military coups in Pakistan|first in the country's history]].

As president, Khan controversially appointed Gen. [[Muhammad Musa (general)|Muhammad Musa]] to replace him as commander-in-chief, superseding decorated senior officers such as Gen. Adam Khan, Gen. [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi]] and Gen. Latif Khan.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2015|title=Of false pride and misbelief|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/of-false-pride-and-misbelief-125197|work=The Tribune India|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2016|title=Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed|work=[[The News International]]|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> He [[Baghdad Pact|aligned]] [[Pakistan]] with the United States, and allowed American access to air bases inside Pakistan, most notably the [[Peshawar Air Station|airbase]] outside of [[Peshawar]], from which [[U-2 incident|spy missions]] over the [[Soviet Union]] were launched. [[China–Pakistan relations|Relations with neighboring China]] were strengthened but his alignment with the US worsened relations with the [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]] in 1962. He launched [[Operation Gibraltar]] against India in 1965, leading to an [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|all-out war]]. It resulted in a stalemate and peace was restored via the [[Tashkent Declaration]]. Domestically, Ayub subscribed to the [[laissez-faire]] policy of Western-aligned nations at the time. Khan [[Privatisation in Pakistan|privatised]] state-owned industries, and liberalised the economy generally. Large inflows of [[foreign aid]] and investment led to the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. His tenure was also distinguished by the completion of [[List of power stations in Pakistan|hydroelectric stations]], [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|dams, and reservoirs]]. Under Ayub, Pakistan's [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|space program]] was established, and the country launched its first uncrewed space-mission by 1962. However, the failure of [[land reform]]s and a weak taxation system meant that most of this growth landed in the hands of the elite. In 1965, Khan entered the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|presidential race]] as the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Convention Muslim League]]'s candidate to counter the opposition candidate [[Fatima Jinnah]]. Ayub won the elections and was re-elected for a second term. In 1967, disapproval of [[Price/wage spiral|price hikes]] of food prompted demonstrations across the country led by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Following [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|protests in East Pakistan]], Ayub resigned in March 1969 and appointed [[Yahya Khan]]. Later, fighting a brief illness, he died in 1974.

Khan remains the country's longest-serving president and second-longest serving [[List of heads of state of Pakistan|head of state]]. His legacy remains mixed; his era is often dubbed the "Decade of Development". Khan is credited with [[Economic boom|economic prosperity]] and industrialisation. He is denounced by critics for beginning the first of the [[Pakistani Intelligence Community|intelligence agencies' incursions]] into [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], for concentrating wealth in a corrupt [[Oligarchy|few hands]], and for [[Discrimination|geographically discriminatory policies]] that later led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

== Early life and education ==
Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], a village in the [[Abbottabad District]] of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] of [[British India]] (now in the [[Haripur District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan) into a [[Hindko]]-speaking [[Hazarewal]] family of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] descent, belonging to the [[Tareen]] tribe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gauhar |first=Altaf |author-link=Altaf Gauhar |title=Ayub Khan: Pakistan's First Military Ruler |publisher=[[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] |location=Lahore |year=1993 |page=35 |isbn=978-969-35-0295-4}}</ref><ref name="Hussain">{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |title=Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRW_M_xybyYC&pg=PA74 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2005 |page=74 |access-date=22 August 2010 |isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Amir |first=Intikhab |title=Where pragmatism holds sway |url=https://www.dawn.com/2013/04/23/where-pragmatism-holds-sway/ |work=Dawn |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=5 April 2023 |quote=When it comes to Haripur's significance to the national political scene, one can't help but refer to the country's first military dictator, Field Marshal Ayub Khan. A member of the politically significant Tareen clan of Haripur, Gen Ayub's heirs are known for not shying away from changing loyalties in their pursuit for a prolonged stay in the corridors of power.}}</ref><ref>Sir Olaf Caroe, "The Pathans, With An Epilogue On Russia (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints) 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957". [[Oxford University Press]] {{ISBN|978-0-19-577221-0}}. Retrieved 3 May 2023. p.453: NOTES "13a. President Ayub is one of these Tarins."</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA69 |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |page=69 |access-date=5 April 2023 |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |quote=Ayub Khan, who had been army commander-in-chief since 1951, embodied this military institution better than anyone. His ethnic origin was Pashtun, he was born in the Punjab--like Ghulam Muhammad--and he believed in a centralized state dominated by the Punjab, to which he was keen to rally members of his community. |quote-page=69}}</ref>

He was the first child of the second wife of [[Mir Dad Khan]], a [[Risaldar-Major]] (an armoured corps [[junior commissioned officer|JCO]] which was then known as [[viceroy's commissioned officer|VCO]]) in the [[9th Hodson's Horse]] which was a cavalry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2015|title=Forming the govt : PML-N seeks Haripur tehsil triumph through bloodlines|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/897889/forming-the-govt-pml-n-seeks-haripur-tehsil-triumph-through-bloodlines|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in [[Sarai Saleh]], which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a [[mule]]'s back and was shifted to a school in [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]], where he started living with his grandmother.<ref name=":0" />

He went on to study at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) and while pursuing his college education, he was accepted into the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College at Sandhurst]] on the recommendation of General [[Andrew Skeen]]; he trained first in India and then departed for Great Britain.<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik">{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar Haider |title=The History of Pakistan |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-313-34137-3 |page=146}}</ref> Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, Pashto, English, and his regional Hindko dialect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Gowher |author-link=Gowher Rizvi |editor-last1=Clapham |editor-first1=Christopher S. |editor1-link=Christopher Clapham (Africanist) |editor-last2=Philip |editor-first2=George D. E. |chapter=Riding the Tiger: Institutionalising the Military Regimes in Pakistan and Bangladesh |title=The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes |year=1985 |publisher=Croom Helm |page=203 |isbn=978-0-7099-3416-5}}</ref>

== Military service ==
[[File:Ayub khan wih quaid.PNG|thumb|upright|left|Ayub Khan, then a brigadier with [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], {{circa}} 1947]]

=== British India ===
Ayub Khan was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1926.<ref name="Leonard2006p125" /> He was [[Commission (document)|commissioned]] as a [[Second Lieutenant|2nd Lt.]] on 2 February 1928 in the 1/14th Punjab Regiment ([[19th Punjabis|1st Battalion]] of the [[14th Punjab Regiment]]) of the [[British Indian Army]] – before this he was attached to the [[Royal Fusiliers]].<ref name="Leonard2006p125" /><ref>Indian Army List, 1928 Dec</ref>  Amongst those who passed out with him was future general [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]], who served as the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|chief of army staff]] of India from 1962 to 1966 while Ayub was the president of Pakistan.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33353|page=766|date=3 February 1928}}</ref> After the standard probationary period of service in the [[British Army]], he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment ''Sherdils'', now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33510|page=4274|date=28 June 1929}}</ref>

He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to [[Captain (army)|captain]] on 2 February 1937.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette|issue=33613|page=3572|date=6 June 1930}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette|issue=34381|page=1827|date=19 March 1937}}</ref> During [[World War II]], he was promoted to the temporary rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]] in 1942 and was posted in Burma to participate in the [[Burma Campaign 1942–1943|first phase]] of the [[Burma Campaign]] in 1942–43. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37085|page=2577|date=18 May 1945}}</ref> Later that year, he was promoted to temporary [[colonel]] and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|second phase]] of the Burma Campaign; however, he was soon temporarily suspended without pay from that command for visible cowardice under fire.<ref>See accounts of Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] ''The Nation that Lost its Soul: Memoirs'', Lahore: Jang Publications, 1992, p 187; and Lt Col (r) HE Empson 'Hard Times- The Burmese Campaign 1942–1945' Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1952</ref>

In 1946, he was posted back to British India and was stationed in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]]. In 1947, he was promoted to [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier]] and commanded a [[brigade]] in mountainous [[South Waziristan]].

=== Early career in Pakistan ===
When the United Kingdom [[Indian Independence Act 1947|announced]] the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] into India and Pakistan, he was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="Leonard2006p125">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kassim |first=Husain |editor-last=Leonard |editor-first=Thomas M. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |title=Ayub Khan, Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA125 |access-date=8 December 2023 |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-57958-388-0 |page=125}}</ref> At the time of his joining, he was the tenth ranking officer in terms of seniority with [[service number]] PA-010.{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=33}}

In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division in the rank of acting major-general stationed in [[Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]].{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=79}} In 1949, he was decorated with the [[Hilal-i-Jurat]] (HJ) by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] for non-combatant service and called back to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] as the [[Adjutant General]] of the army on November of the same year.

=== Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army ===
[[File:General Ayub Khan in 1951.jpg|thumb|General Ayub Khan as C-in-C of the Pakistan Army, in his office, 23 January 1951]]
General [[Douglas Gracey|Sir Douglas Gracey]] gave up the command of the Pakistan Army on 23 January 1951, under pressure of calls for "nationalisation" of the army.<ref name=Ankit>{{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=The Defiant Douglas |newspaper=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=1 |pages=46–47 |date=January 2010 |url=https://issuu.com/epilogue/docs/january_10 |quote=Deeply concerned about shepherding the Pakistan army through its early years, General Douglas Gracey wanted to continue till 1953 but had to relinquish his post two years earlier on 23 January 1951 bowing down to the rising chorus for 'nationalisation' of the army to which the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, had to acquiesce.}}</ref> The [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan government]] had already called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of the army, [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], and [[Pakistan Navy|navy]] and dismissed deputation appointments from the [[British military]].<ref name="Springer, Reimer">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz I. |last2=Riemer |first2=Manuel |title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58 |publisher=Springer, Reimer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA82 |date=22 August 1990 |page=82 |access-date=3 November 2016 |isbn=978-1-349-20942-2}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press, Tudor">{{cite book |last=Tudor |first=Maya |title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-9ahosP94C&q=commander+in+chief+pakistan+ayub+1953&pg=PA30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |page=30 |access-date=3 November 2016 |isbn=978-1-107-03296-5}}</ref> The [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] sent the nomination papers to the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]] for the appointment of [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief]]. There were four senior officers in the race: Major-General [[Muhammed Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]], Major-General [[Iftikhar Khan]], Major-General [[Ishfakul Majid]], and Major-General N.A.M. Raza. Among these officers Akbar was the senior, having been commissioned in 1920.<ref>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=A.R. |date=25 April 2004 |title=Army's top slot: the seniority factor |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1065891 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="countrystudies">{{cite web |title=Ayub Khan in US Country Studies |url=http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm |access-date=16 November 2011 |publisher=US State Department}}. Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref><ref name="SOP">{{cite web |title=Muhammad Ayub Khan profile |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107041804/http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Story of Pakistan website}}</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II">{{cite web |date=June 2003 |title=Ouster of President Iskander Mirza |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A117 |publisher=Story of Pakistan, part-II}}. Retrieved 27 August 2015</ref><ref name="Story of Pakistan, Part-1">{{cite web |date=June 2003 |title=Field Marshal Ayub Khan Becomes President [1962–1969] |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A067 |publisher=Story of Pakistan, Part-1}}. Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kal Tak – 25 May 2011 &#124; Pakistan Politics |url=http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011515/http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=Pkpolitics.com}}</ref>

Initially, General Iftikhar Khan (commissioned in 1929) was selected for appointment as the first native commander-in-chief of the army, but he died in an airplane crash en route to take command after finishing the senior [[staff officer]]s' course in the United Kingdom. All three remaining generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General Akbar Khan and Major-General Ishfakul Majid (commissioned in 1924).

Defence Secretary [[Iskandar Mirza]] at that time played a crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection, by presenting convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the most junior Major-General, Ayub Khan (commissioned in 1928), to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list. Ayub's papers of promotion were approved and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=80}} This ended the transitional role of British military officers.{{Sfn|Haqqani|2010|p=34}} Although the [[Pakistani government]] announced the appointment of the navy's native [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)#History|commander in chief]] in 1951, it was Ayub Khan who helped Vice-Admiral [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|M.S. Choudhri]] to be appointed as the first native navy commander in chief, also in 1953.<ref name="Springer, Reimer" /><ref name="NYU Press, Cheema">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz Iqbal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93 |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |publisher=NYU Press, Cheema |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5 |pages=93–94 |language=en |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time.<ref>The rule of seniority by Kamal Zafar Sunday 5 March 2006 [http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/5/columns5.php The Nation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040129/http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/5/columns5.php |date=11 March 2007 }}</ref>

In 1953, Ayub visited Turkey, his first foreign visit as an army commander in chief, and was said to have been impressed with [[Turkish Armed Forces|Turkish military]] tradition; he met only with the [[List of Ministers of National Defence of Turkey|Turkish Defence minister]] during his visit. Thereafter, he went to the United States and visited the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] and [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] to lobby for forging [[Pakistan-United States military relations|military relations]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yesilbursa |first=Behcet Kemal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26 |title=The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950–59 |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-76686-3 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> He termed this visit as a "medical visit" but made a strong plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition.<ref name="Routledge, Yesilbursa">{{cite book |last1=Yesilbursa |first1=Behcet Kemal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26 |title=The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950–59 |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge, Yesilbursa |isbn=978-1-135-76686-3 |pages=27 |language=en |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Cabinet and Defence Minister ===

{{further|Ministry of Talents|One Unit|Interservice rivalry}}

On 24 February 1954, Ayub signed the [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Defense Minister Mirza, began to grow<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Kalim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191 |title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts |year=1998 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0083-7 |pages=192–193 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1954, Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]'s relations with the military and Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] deteriorated on issues of the economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Kalim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191 |title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts |year=1998 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0083-7 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> Pressure built up to reconstruct the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet]] which eventually witnessed General Ayub Khan becoming the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|defence minister]] and [[Iskander Mirza]] as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|home minister]] in October 1954.<ref name="Har-Anand Publications, Bahadur">{{cite book |last1=Bahadur |first1=Kalim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191 |title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-241-0083-7 |pages=191–192}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Dixit">{{cite book |last1=Dixit |first1=J. N. |year=2003 |title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |publisher=Routledge |page=124 |isbn=978-1-134-40758-3}}</ref> Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented adoption of a constitution. He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save the armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG302 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=302–303 |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5}}</ref>

The controversial [[One Unit]] Scheme integrated the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four western provinces]] into one political entity, [[West Pakistan]], as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of [[East Bengal]], which was renamed East Pakistan. The province of Punjab supported the project, but all the other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of power. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on the democratic principle of [[political egalitarianism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG124 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=124, 211 |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5}}</ref>

In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] as the Defence Minister.{{Sfn|Shah|2014|p=167}}

After the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan]], the [[Awami League#Founding and early Pakistan era (1949–66)|Awami League]] formed the government there while West Pakistan was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|last2=Shah|first2=Aqil|last3=Paul|first3=T.V.|last4=Fair|first4=C. Christine|year=2015|title=The Military and Pakistan's Political and Security Disposition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905306|journal=Asia Policy|issue=19|pages=147–151|jstor=24905306|issn=1559-0968}}</ref> He was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy|H.S. Suhrawardy]] and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|first]] [[President of Pakistan|President]] of the country after the successful promulgation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution]] in 1956. In 1957, President Mirza promoted him from acting full general to the substantive rank of full general.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sridharan|first1=E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|title=International Relations Theory and South Asia (OIP): Volume I: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-908939-0|pages=232}}</ref><ref name="Royal Book Company, Ahmad, 2004">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Syed Sami |year=2004 |title=History of Pakistan and Role of the Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvBtAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Royal Book Company |location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |isbn=978-969-407-306-4}}</ref>

Around this time the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|MoD]], led by General Ayub Khan, began to see the serious [[interservice rivalry]] between the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] staff and the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Naval Headquarters]] staff.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4|pages=381–382|language=en}}</ref> [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)|Commander in Chief]] of Navy Vice-Admiral [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|M. S. Choudri]] and his NHQ staff had been fighting with the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] and the [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|MoD]] over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|publisher=Lancer Publishers, Singh|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4|pages=383|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

He reportedly complained about Admiral [[HMS Choudri]] to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having the brain, imagination, or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution".<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Ghani">{{cite news |last1=Ghani |first1=Nadia |title=NON-FICTION: The narcissist |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/826646 |access-date=3 November 2016 |work=Dawn |date=11 July 2010}}</ref> The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudhri resigning from the navy in protest as a result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Pervaiz Iqbal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93 |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5 |pages=381 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382 |title=The Military Factor in Pakistan |date=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref>

== Presidency (1958–1969) ==

=== 1958 military coup ===
{{Main|1958 Pakistani military coup}}
[[File:Mr. and Mrs. S.N. Bakar with General Ayub Khan and Mr. H.S. Suhrawardy (1958)..jpg|thumb|Ayub Khan in 1958 with [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]] and Mr. and Mrs. [[Shaikh Nazrul Bakar|S. N. Bakar]]]]

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven prime ministers in evening dress or national costume.|Ayub Khan (back row, second from the right) with [[Elizabeth II]], former [[Queen of Pakistan]] at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference]], [[Windsor Castle]]]]

[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] and Feroz began campaigning to become prime minister and president in the upcoming [[Elections in Pakistan|general elections]]. Also, the conservative [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Pakistan Muslim League]], led by its President [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A.Q. Khan]], was threatening to engage in civil disobedience.<ref name="Rizvi 83">{{Cite book|last=Rizvi|first=Hasan-Askari|author-link=Hasan Askari Rizvi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8|page=83|language=en}}</ref> These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" />

On 7 October 1958, President Mirza abrogated the Constitution after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz announcing the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]]. Most of the country's politicians only became aware of the coup the next morning;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rizvi|first=Hasan-Askari|author-link=Hasan Askari Rizvi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8|pages=82–83|language=en}}</ref> only U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan [[James M. Langley|James Langley]] was kept fully informed of political developments in the country.<ref name="Rizvi 83" /> President Mirza declared martial law and appointed General Ayub [[chief martial law administrator]] (CMLA).<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Oborne">{{cite book |last1=Oborne |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Oborne |title=Wounded Tiger: A History of Cricket in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXXGBwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+martial+law&pg=PA157 |access-date=3 November 2016 |year=2014 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=157 |isbn=978-0-85720-074-7 |language=en }}</ref>

Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not to rule indefinitely.<ref name="Jalal 2014 98-100">{{Cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|publisher=Belknap Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-674-05289-5|pages=98–100}}</ref> When the public ''was'' informed, public reactions were mixed. The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive.

President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason. He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after the Supreme Court's Chief [[Justice Munir]] justified the coup under the [[doctrine of necessity]], Ayub sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled Mirza to England.<ref name="Jalal 2014 101">{{Cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|publisher=Belknap Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-674-05289-5|page=101|quote=The joint authority of president and commander-in-chief was untenable and did not last more than a few weeks. Even before the coup, Mirza had been conspiring to replace Ayub as commander-in-chief. By appearing to go along with the president, Ayub bought precious time. Once the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice Munir dignified the coup as a revolutionary necessity, Ayub sprang into action to establish himself as the undisputed leader of Pakistan. With the backing of his top military commanders, he packed off Mirza to permanent exile.}}</ref> This was largely done with the support of: [[Afzal Rahman Khan|Admiral A. R. Khan]], General [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]], Nawab of Kalabagh [[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan|Amir Khan]], General [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki|Dr. Wajid Khan]], General K. M. Sheikh, and General Sher Bahadur. Air Vice Marshal [[Asghar Khan]] was asked by [[General Ayub Khan]] to join the Generals to demand Mirza's resignation, but Asghar Khan declined the request, stating that he "found the whole exercise distasteful."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crossed_Swords/jKyfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Asghar%20Khan%20recalls%22|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|year=2008|first=Shuja|last=Nawaz|page=161|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>

The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform. Like Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his ruling style was more American than British. He "vowed to give people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that the country could feed itself".<ref name="Jalal 2014 98-100" />

Ayub finally "restored civil administration", although he maintained the Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureaucracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies.

In 1960, a referendum, that functioned as the [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]], was held that asked the [[Pakistani society|general public:]] ''"Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?".'' The [[voter turnout]] was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Martial law">{{cite web|date=1 June 2003|title=Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan|access-date=3 November 2016|website=Story Of Pakistan, Martial law}}</ref> Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first [[State visits to the United States|state visit to the United States]] with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July 1961.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Martial law" /> Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at [[Mount Vernon]], a visit to the [[Islamic Center of Washington]], and a ticker tape parade in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=America Welcomes President Ayub|url=http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub|website=Gordon Wilkison Collection|publisher=Texas Archive of the Moving Image|access-date=28 July 2011|date=July 1961|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120163452/http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub|archive-date=20 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Constitutional and legal reforms ===
{{further|Constitution of Pakistan of 1962}}
A constitutional commission was set-up under the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] to implement the work on the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|constitution]] that was led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] and [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court justices]]. The commission reported in 1961 with its recommendations but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from the one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of using religions in politics. His presidency restored the [[writ]] of government through the promulgated constitution and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962">{{cite web |date=1 June 2003|title=The Constitution of 1962 {{!}} Provided for a unicameral legislature|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1962|access-date=3 November 2016|website=Story Of Pakistan}}</ref>

The new constitution respected [[Islam]], but did not declare Islam as the [[state religion]] and was viewed as a liberal constitution.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962" /> It also provided for election of the president by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. He justified this as analogous to the [[Electoral College (United States)|American Electoral College]] and cited [[Thomas Jefferson]] as his inspiration.<ref name="Routledge, Jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|year=2010|publisher=Routledge, Jackson|isbn=978-1-136-95036-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMotCgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+thomas+jefferson&pg=PA75 |page=75 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> The Ayub administration "guided" the [[Newspapers in Pakistan|print newspapers]] through his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Pakistan|url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm|access-date=5 October 2020|website=ghazali.net}}</ref>

In 1961, he promulgated the "Muslim Family Law Ordinance".<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Moghissi">{{cite book |last=Haq |first=Farhat |editor-last=Moghissi |editor-first=Haideh |chapter=Women, Islam and the State in Pakistan |title=Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&q=Muslim+family+law+ayub&pg=PA204 |access-date=3 November 2016 |year=2005 |volume=3 |publisher=Routledge |page=204 |isbn=978-0-415-32421-2}}</ref> Through this ordinance, unmitigated [[polygamy]] was abolished. Consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were placed on the practice of instant divorce under Islamic tradition, where men could divorce women by saying: "I divorce you" three times.

The Arbitration Councils were set up under the law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghazali |first=Abdul Sattar |url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm |title=Islamic Pakistan: Illusions & Reality |publisher=Ghazali.net |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Economy, infrastructure, and public service ===
[[File:Kaptai dam in East Pakistan being visited by Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Kaptai Dam in East Pakistan being visited by Ayub Khan]]

Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern [[National Highways of Pakistan|national freeways]] are considered his greatest achievements and his era is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country. Strong emphasis on capitalism and [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as the "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both [[Economic history of Pakistan|economical]] and [[Political history of Pakistan|political history]]).<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan/3 |title=Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III) |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> The "Decade of Development" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies and industries, and is credited with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)" /> This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2015|title=Democratising Pakistan?|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/97215/democratising-pakistan-ii/|work=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|hydroelectric dams]], [[List of power stations in Pakistan|power stations]], and [[List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan|barrages]] all over the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Mason |title=A Short History of Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCRHEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan++hydroelectric+dams&pg=PA181 |year=2014 |orig-year=First published 2000 |edition=3rd |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-34061-0 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref> During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%.<ref name="SAGE, Kukreja">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdVNL2_DUtYC&q=Ayub+Khan+economy&pg=PA304 |page=304 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en|year=2003}}</ref>

Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the [[Mangla Dam]] (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the [[Kaptai Dam]]. President Ayub authorized planning of [[nuclear power plant]]s.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|year=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=54|language=en|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Dr. [[Abdus Salam]], supported by the President, personally approved the project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized.<ref name="Shahid-ur-Rehman p. 21">Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb," Long Road To Chagai, p. 21.</ref>

Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific development efforts' were also supposedly made during his years. These policies could not be sustained after 1965, when the economy collapsed and led to economic declines which he was unable to control.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part IV)">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan/4 |title=Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part IV) |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1293604|title=What they never tell us about Ayub Khan's regime|first=Murtaza|last=Haider|date=1 November 2016|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era.<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Lall">{{cite book |last1=Lall |first1=Marie |last2=Vickers |first2=Edward |year=2010 |title=Education as a Political Tool in Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAI-G2EuBr0C&pg=PA183 |page=183 |isbn=978-0-415-59536-0 |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> He also introduced [[Agriculture in Pakistan|agricultural reforms]] preventing anyone from occupying more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. His administration, redistributed approximately 23 percent of the country's [[farmland]] to onetime tenant farmers.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/archive/6809901/pakistan-ayub-s-acid-test/|title=Pakistan: Ayub 's Acid Test|date=14 April 1961|website=TIME}}</ref> In [[Karachi]], around 100,000 refugees displaced by the [[partition of India]] were moved from [[slum]]s to new housing colonies.<ref name="auto"/> His administration also eliminated the need for [[bribe]]s, known as "tea money" in Pakistan, to access government officials, contributing to a reduction in [[corruption]] within Pakistan's government relative to other Asian nations during his tenure.<ref name="auto"/>

An [[Pakistan Refinery|oil refinery]] was established in Karachi. These reforms led to 15% [[Gross national product|GNP growth]] of the country that was three times greater than that of India. Despite the increase in the [[GNP]] growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the [[Industry of Pakistan|industries]] and land of the country and 80% of the [[Banking in Pakistan|banking]] and [[Insurance in Pakistan|insurance]] companies of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONSTITUTION (THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/3amendment.html|access-date=5 October 2020|website=pakistani.org}}</ref>

=== Defence spending ===

During the Ayub era, the navy was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships.<ref name="Springer, Reimer" /> However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the 1950s and de-prioritized [[nuclear weapon]]s in the 1960s.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-67601-0|pages=55|language=en}}</ref> The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements.<ref name="Routledge, Zafar Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-67601-0|page=22|language=en|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards [[conventional weapon]]ry for [[Conventional warfare|conventional defence]]. In the 1960s, the Pakistani military acquired American{{nbh}}produced conventional weapons such as [[Jeep CJ]]s, [[M48 Patton]] and [[M24 Chaffee]] tanks, [[M16 rifle]]s, [[F-86]] fighter airplanes, and the submarine [[PNS Ghazi]]; all through the US [[Foreign Military Sales]] program.<ref name="Routledge, Zafar Khan" /> In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's full{{nbh}}fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Suparco]] civilian space agency that launched [[Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests|sounding rockets]] throughout the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|year=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=235–236|language=en}}</ref>

Ayub prioritized [[nuclear power]] generation over the use of [[nuclear technology]] for military purposes. He reportedly spent [[Pakistani rupee|₨.]] 724 million on the civilian [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant]] and related education of engineers and scientists.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|year=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=53, 60|language=en}}</ref>

Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy. He expanded the size of the army by more than half from the early 1960s to 1969, and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG309 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=309–310 |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===

==== U.S. alliance and 1960 U-2 incident ====
[[File:Motorcade in Arrival Ceremonies for Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan use.jpg|thumb|right|225px|President Ayub with [[President Kennedy]] in Washington D.C., 1961]]
The main feature of Ayub Khan's foreign policy was prioritized [[Pakistan–United States relations|relations with the United States]] and Europe. Foreign [[Pakistan–Soviet Union relations|relations with the Soviet Union]] were downplayed. He enjoyed support from President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in the 1950s and, working with Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]], forged a military alliance with the United States against regional communism. His obsession towards modernization of the armed forces in the shortest time possible saw relations with the United States as the only way to achieve his organizational and personal objectives as he argued against [[Civilian control of the military|civilian supremacy]] that would affect American interests in the region as a result of an election.

[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with President Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|President Ayub receiving [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Johnson]] in [[Karachi]], 1967]]

The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] leased [[Peshawar Air Station]] in the 1950s and spying into the Soviet Union from the air station grew immensely, with Ayub's full knowledge, during his presidency.  When these activities were exposed in 1960 after a U-2 flying out of the air station was [[1960 U-2 incident|shot down and its pilot captured]] by the USSR,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2012 |title=Timeline: History of US-Pakistan relations |url=https://www.dawn.com/2012/07/04/timeline-history-of-us-pakistan-relations/ |work=Dawn |language=en |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> President Ayub was in the United Kingdom on a state visit. When the local CIA station chief briefed President Ayub on the incident, Ayub shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at some point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2012 |title=Tale of a love affair that never was |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm |archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>

Soviet Secretary General [[Nikita Khrushchev]] threatened to bomb Peshawar if the United States continued to operate aircraft from there against the Soviet Union. Ayub Khan apologised for the incident when he visited the Soviet Union five years later.<ref name="Khan 43">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33 |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=37, 43 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Muhammed Ayub Khan and Alexei Kosygin.jpg|thumb|left|260px|President Ayub Khan meeting Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in the 1960s]]
President Ayub directed his [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits by Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin|Kosygin]] and Soviet Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko|Gromyko]] and agreeing to downplay relations with the United States.<ref name="Khan 43" />

In 1963, Ayub signed the historic [[Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement]] with [[People's Republic of China|China]] despite US opposition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Sayed Wiqar Ali |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=Pakistan People's Party: The Twin Legacies of Socialism and Dynastic Rule |title=Political Parties in South Asia |publisher=Praeger |page=157 |isbn=0-275-96832-4}}</ref>

During 1961–65, Ayub lost much of his support from President [[John F. Kennedy|John Kennedy]] and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] as they sought [[Indo-U.S. relations|closer relations with India]]. President Johnson placed an embargo on both nations during the war in 1965.{{Sfn|Haqqani|2010|pp=44–45}} Relations with the Soviet Union were eventually normalized when the Soviets facilitated a [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] between Pakistan and India in 1965, and reached a trade treaty with Pakistan the following year.<ref name="Springer, Malik">{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Hafeez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171 |title=Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-11318-7 |pages=171–175 |language=en |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> In 1966–67, Ayub wrestled with the United States' attempt to dictate Pakistan's foreign policy, while he strengthened relations with the Soviet Union and China.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, McGarr">{{cite book |last1=McGarr |first1=Paul M. |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29226-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286 |access-date=6 November 2016 |language=en |year=2013}}</ref> Despite initiatives to normalize relations with the Soviet Union, Ayub Khan remained inclined towards the United States and the western world, receiving President Johnson in Karachi in 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Hafeez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171 |title=Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-11318-7 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1961–62, Ayub paid a state visit to the United Kingdom.  He attracted much attention from the [[British society|British public]] when his involvement in the [[Christine Keeler]] affair was revealed.<ref>{{cite news |last=von Tunzelmann |first=Alex |author-link=Alex von Tunzelmann |date=11 July 2012 |title=Scandal: someone was taking notes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jul/11/scandal-keeler-profumo |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n01/tariq-ali/the-general-in-his-labyrinth Tariq Ali on Ayub Khan 4 January 2007] Retrieved December 2015</ref>

==== India: 1959 joint defence and 1965 war ====

{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{See also|Operation Gibraltar}}

In 1959, Ayub Khan's interest in building defence forces had already diminished when he made an offer of joint defense with India during the [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indo clashes]] in October 1959 in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of American pressure and a lack of understanding of foreign affairs<ref name="Dawn News Papers, 5 April 2009">{{cite news |last=Iqbal Ahmad Khan |title=Bhutto's foreign policy legacy |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/31374 |access-date=11 February 2012 |newspaper=Dawn |date=5 April 2009}}</ref> Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] reportedly countered, "Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?"<ref name="Cambridge University Press, McGarr" />{{Rp|84–86}} India remained uninterested in such proposals and Prime Minister Nehru decided to [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement|push his country's role]] in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGarr |first=Paul M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286 |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29226-0 |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> In 1960, President Ayub, together with Prime Minister Nehru, signed the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] brokered by the [[World Bank]].<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/03/kashmir.india1 War over water] ''The Guardian'', Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST</ref> In 1962, after India was defeated by China, Ayub Khan disguised a few thousand soldiers as guerillas and sent them to Indian Kashmir to incite the people to rebel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |year=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1-84614-585-8 |page=47}}</ref> In 1964, the [[Pakistan Army]] engaged with the [[Indian Army]] in several [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|skirmishes]], and clandestine operations began.

The war with India in 1965 was a turning point in his presidency, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub Khan at Tashkent, called the [[Tashkent Declaration]], which was facilitated by the Soviet Union. The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led Foreign Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] to resign his post and take up opposition to Ayub Khan.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part IV)" /> According to Morrice James, "For them (Pakistanis) Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably lost face before the Indians."<ref name="Victoria">{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |year=2003 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |page=112 |isbn=1-86064-898-3}}</ref>

According to [[Sartaj Aziz]], deputy chairman of the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]], it was Foreign Minister Bhutto who had inadvertently set Pakistan on the road to war with India. During a cabinet meeting, Bhutto had gone on a populist [[Indophobia in Pakistan|anti-Indian]] and [[Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan|anti-American]] binge and succeeded in spellbinding President Ayub into thinking he was becoming a world statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States. When Ayub authorized [[Operation Gibraltar]], the fomenting of a Kashmiri insurgency against India, Aziz famously told the President: "Sir, I hope you realize that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line". Aziz opposed Operation Gibraltar, fearing the economical turmoil that would jolt the country's economy, but was in turn opposed by his own senior bureaucrats. In that meeting, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the president and the finance minister [[Muhammad Shoaib (politician)|Muhammad Shoaib]] that India would not attack Pakistan due to [[Kashmir]] being a [[Kashmir dispute|disputed territory]], and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan's incursion into [[Indian-occupied Kashmir]], at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory". This theory proved wrong when India launched a full-scale war against West Pakistan in 1965.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Khaled|date=9 August 2009|title=Book Review: Sartaj Aziz on 'excessive' leaders|newspaper=Pakistan Times|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063953/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Chief of the Army Staff General [[Muhammad Musa (general)|Musa Khan]] held off launching [[Operation Grand Slam]], waiting for President Ayub Khan's go ahead. The operation didn't get underway until after the Indian Army had captured [[Haji Pir pass]] in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |author-link=Dilip Hiro |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |year=2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |pages=182–183 |language=en}}</ref> He faced serious altercations with, and public criticism from, [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Air Force)|air chief]] [[Air Marshal|AM]] [[Asghar Khan]] for hiding the details of the war. The [[AHQ (Pakistan Air Force)|Air Headquarters]] began fighting the president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended with Asghar Khan's resignation.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Editorial">{{cite news |date=6 September 2005|title=Nur Khan reminisces '65 war|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|type=Editorial|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/155474/nur-khan-reminisces|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

About the 1965 war's contingency plans, AM [[Nur Khan]] briefly wrote that "Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not shared the plans with other forces."<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Editorial" />

Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move and the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]] placed an economic embargo that caused Pakistan to lose US$500 million in [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|aid and grants]] that had been received through consortium.<ref name="Oxford University Press" /> Ayub Khan could not politically survive in the aftermath of the 1965 war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering presidential power to Army Commander General [[Yahya Khan|Yahya]] in 1969.

'''Afghanistan: [[Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan|Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan]]'''

In the 1950s, partly due to the complicated bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the [[Durand Line]] dispute, Ayub Khan along with the Royal family of Afghanistan under [[Mohammad Zahir Shah|King Zahir Shah]] proposed the [[Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan|Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan]] to merge Afghanistan with Pakistan under a single confederation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reality or Paranoia: Why is Pakistan afraid of India – Afghanistan ties? |url=https://www.hudson.org/foreign-policy/reality-or-paranoia-why-is-pakistan-afraid-of-india-afghanistan-ties- |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Hudson Institute |language=en}}</ref> This merger was proposed on the basis of mutual distrust and fears of security threats by the Indian government and the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]], which wasn't able to amount to fruition due to the eventual [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] and the formation of a new communist Afghan regime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-10 |title=Afghanistan and Pakistan's oft-ignored history – 1947–1978 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/97165/afghanistan-and-pakistans-oft-ignored-history-1947-1978 |access-date=2023-02-20 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Presidential election of 1965 ===

{{Main|1965 Pakistani presidential election}}

In 1964, President Ayub Khan was confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately led him to announce presidential elections in 1965. He earned the nomination of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) and was shocked when [[Fatima Jinnah]] was nominated by the [[Combined Opposition Parties]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965">{{cite web|date=25 October 2013|title=Presidential Election {{!}} Elections were held on 2 January 1965|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/presidential-election#prettyPhoto|access-date=4 November 2016|website=Story Of Pakistan}}</ref>

Ayub Khan's son, [[Gohar Ayub Khan]], launched attacks on Jinnah supporters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmar |first1=Moonis |title=Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi crisis |year=1996 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=36 |issue=10 |page=1032 |doi=10.2307/2645632 |jstor=2645632}}</ref> During this time, Ayub Khan used the [[Pakistani intelligence agencies|Pakistani intelligence community]] for his own advantage. [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] actively monitored politicians and political gatherings and the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] taped politicians' telephone conversations.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965" /> This was the first departure of the intelligence community from national defence and security to direct interference with [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], an interference which continued in succeeding years.<ref name="global security">{{cite web|last1=Pike|first1=John|title=Military Intelligence – Pakistan Intelligence Agencies|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/mi.htm|access-date=5 November 2016|website=globalsecurity.org|publisher=global security}}</ref>

It was reported that the elections were widely [[Vote rigging|rigged]] by the state authorities and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats. They were easily manipulated by President Ayub Khan, who won the bitterly contested elections with 64% of the Electoral College vote.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029212804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2007 |title=Trouble with Mother |magazine=Time |date=25 December 1964 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> According to journalists of the time, the election did not conform to international standards; many viewed the election results with great suspicion.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965" />

=== 1969 protests and resignation ===
{{Main|1969 East Pakistan uprising}}
[[File:Sheikh Mujib and Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|President Ayub and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] after Round Table Conference in [[Islamabad]], [[Islamabad Capital Territory|ICT]], January 1969]]
The controversial victory over [[Fatima Jinnah]] in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]] and the outcome of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war]] with India in the same year brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency. Khan's foreign minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] believed the Tashkent Declaration was a "political surrender" which turned a military victory into defeat.{{Sfn|Haqqani|2010|p=49}} Bhutto began criticizing Ayub Khan openly and resigned in June 1966. In [[Karachi]], public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the 1965 elections and his policies were widely disapproved.<ref name="Routledge Rath">{{cite book |last=Rath |first=Saroj Kumar |title=Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-56251-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh7ICQAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+tashkent+agreement&pg=PT51 |access-date=4 November 2016 |year=2015}}</ref>

In 1967, Bhutto formed the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) and embarked on a nationwide tour where he attacked the Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policies. Bhutto was arrested for these activities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196 |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |pages=196}}</ref> His detention further inflamed the opposition, and demonstrations were sparked all over the country. The East Pakistani Awami League charged the Ayub administration with [[Discrimination|discriminatory policies]] towards the East. Labour unions called for strikes against Ayub Khan's administration, and dissatisfaction was widespread in the country's middle class by the end of 1968. When Ayub Khan was confronted with the [[Six point movement|Six-point movement]] led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and with the criticism by Bhutto's PPP, he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made matters worse for Ayub's administration.<ref name="Wynbrandt2009p197">{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196 |date=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |page=197}}</ref>

In 1968, he survived an assassination attempt while visiting [[Dacca]] and was visibly shaken afterwards, according to close aides; though this was not reported in the press of the day.<ref name="Hassan Abbas">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass |url-access=registration |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=2004 |page=53 |isbn=978-0-7656-1497-1}}</ref>

In 1969, Ayub Khan opened negotiations with the opposition parties in what was termed as a "[[Round table (discussion)|Round Table Conference]]" where he held talks with all major opposition parties. However, these discussions yielded no results and strong anti-Ayub demonstrations calling for his resignation were sparked all over the country.<ref name="Wynbrandt2009p197" /> During this time, Ayub Khan survived a near-fatal [[Heart attack|cardiac arrest]] that put him out of the office, and later survived a [[paralysis]] attack that put him in a [[wheelchair]].<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar">{{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M.K. |title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif |year=1997 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170996743 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37 |pages=43–47 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Police Service of Pakistan|police]] were unable to maintain [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]] in the country, especially in East Pakistan where [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|riots and a serious uprising]] were quelled. At one point, [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home]] and [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] Vice-Admiral Rahman told journalists that the "country was under the Mob rule and that Police were not strong enough to tackle the situation".<ref name="Springer, Siddiqui">{{cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Kalim |title=Conflict, Crisis and War in Pakistan |year=1972 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-01339-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f86uCwAAQBAJ&q=AR+Khan+minister+resigned&pg=PA130 |page=130 |access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

The PPP also led very strong protests, street demonstrations, and riots against the Ayub Khan's administration when the prices of food consumer products such as sugar, tea, and wheat, hiked up. Disapproval of Ayub Khan was widely expressed by chanted slogans and insults referring to him.<ref name="Random House Publishing Group">{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Constable |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wU1aVyM9IC&q=ayub+khan+price+hike&pg=PA39 |title=Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself |year=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-679-60345-0 |pages=39–40 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> On the streets of major cities of West Pakistan, massive [[Graffiti|wall chalkings]] that employed [[Derogatory term|derogatory]] and [[pejorative]] terms for Ayub made [[headline]]s in the [[Newspapers in Pakistan|print]] and [[News channels in Pakistan|broadcast]] media.<ref>{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wU1aVyM9IC&q=ayub+khan+price+hike&pg=PA39 |title=Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself |year=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-679-60345-0 |pages=41}}</ref>

Elements in the [[Pakistani military|military]] began supporting the opposition political parties; it was this that finally brought about the demise of Ayub Khan's era.  On 25 March 1969, President Ayub Khan, after consulting Advocate Raja Muhammad Qalib Ali Khan (the last person to meet the president before resignation) resigned from office and invited commander-in-chief of the army General [[Yahya Khan]] to take over control of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan – AYUB KHAN |url=http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37 |title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif |year=1997 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-674-3 |pages=48}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==

=== Last years ===
Ayub Khan did not comment on the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971. He died of a heart attack on 19 April 1974 at his [[villa]] near [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, Dies|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19740419&id=kJxjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4149,2977014|access-date=21 August 2016|work=Lawrence Journal-World|agency=Associated Press|issue=95|date=20 April 1974| volume=116 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan|pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayub Khan dead at 67|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19740420&id=tmE0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3105,5096342|access-date=21 August 2016|work=Star-News|agency=United Press International|issue=28|date=20 April 1974|volume=44}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Field Marshal Ayub Dead; Ex-President of Pakistan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/21/archives/field-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html|work=The New York Times|date=21 April 1974|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
Ayub Khan's presidency allied Pakistan with the American-led [[CENTO|military alliance]] against the Soviet Union which helped Pakistan develop its strong economic background and its long-term political and strategic relations with the United States.<ref name="countrystudies" /> Major [[Foreign direct investment|economic aid and trade]] from the United States and [[European Union|European Communities]] ultimately led Pakistan's industrial sector to develop rapidly but the consequences of [[cartel]]ization included increased [[Income inequality metrics|inequality]] in the [[distribution of wealth]]. After 1965, he became extremely concerned about the arrogance and bossiness of the US over the direction of [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|Pakistan's foreign policy]] when the US publicly criticized Pakistan for building [[Pakistan-China relations|ties with China]] and the [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]]; he authored a book over this issue known as ''Friends not Masters''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ayub|title=Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9K6AAAAIAAJ|access-date=5 November 2016|year=1967|isbn=978-0-19-211178-4 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Star, 2011">{{cite news|author=Megasthenes |title=The Field Marshal from Beyond the Grave|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/December/revolution.htm|access-date=5 November 2016|work=Daily Star|year=2011}}</ref>

=== Diary ===
Ayub Khan began his diary in September 1966, and ended his record in October 1972, because of his failing health. The diary covers events such as his resignation from office, the assumption of power by [[Yahya Khan]], the independence of Bangladesh, and the replacement of Yahya by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. After his death in 1972, the diary was not released to the public for thirty years due to opinions which would have been detrimental to the reputation of powerful individuals at the time. Ayub Khan wanted his diary to be edited by his close associate [[Altaf Gauhar]], but after Ayub Khan's death the six-year-long diary was entrusted to Oxford University Press (OUP) to edit and publish. At OUP, ''Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972'' was edited and annotated by American historian [[Craig Baxter]].<ref>The power of US in Pakistan</ref>

=== Development projects ===
The federal capital was relocated under the Ayub administration from the port city of Karachi to the new and carefully planned city of Islamabad in the mountains. Facilitated by the World Bank, the Ayub administration became a party to the Indus Waters Treaty with archrival India to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] Doab that flow between the two countries. Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation canals, high-water dams, and thermal and hydroelectric power stations.<ref>Khan, Muhammad Ayub, ''Friends Not Masters'', Oxford University Press, 1967.</ref>

=== Modernization of agriculture and industrialization ===
He subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development and spurred industrial growth with liberal tax benefits.<ref name="countrystudies" /> In the decade of his rule, the [[Gross national product|GNP]] rose by 45% and manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and cotton.<ref name="Daily Star, 2011" /> However, the economists in the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]] alleged that his policies were tailored to reward the elite families and major landowners in the country. In 1968, his administration celebrated the so-called "Decade of Development" when the mass protests erupted all over the country due to an increasingly greater divide between the rich and the poor.<ref name="Daily Star, 2011" /><ref name="Story of Pakistan, Part-3">{{cite web |date=June 2003 |title=Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan [1958–62] |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A065 |publisher=Story of Pakistan, Part-3}}. Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2012 |title=Pakistan's first rocket soars 80 miles high |url=https://www.dawn.com/2012/06/08/pakistans-first-rocket-soars-80-miles-high/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref><ref>"Story of Pakistan, Part-1"/. Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref>

=== Global policy ===
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt a [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status= |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==

=== Despotism, nepotism and corruption ===
After 1965, the [[Government corruption|corruption in government]], [[nepotism]], and suppression of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], [[Freedom of thought|thought]], and [[Freedom of press|press]] increased unrest and turmoil in the country against the Ayub administration.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)" /> The [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]], where Ayub Khan was opposed by Fatima Jinnah, was allegedly rigged. In 2003, the nephew of the [[Quaid-i-Azam]], Akbar Pirbhai, re-ignited the controversy by suggesting that [[Fatima Jinnah]]'s death in 1967 was an assassination by the Ayub Khan establishment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/fatima-jinnah-1174 |title=Fatima Jinnah &#124; Mother Of Nation (Mader-e Millat) |work=Pakistan Herald |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809194823/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/fatima-jinnah-1174 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gohar Ayub Khan became the subject of criticism by many writers when he was accused of leading a victory parade after the 1965 election right into the heartland of opposition territory in Karachi in a blatantly provocative move. The civil administration's failure to stop the rally led to fierce clashes between opposing groups with many locals being killed.<ref>(Mazari 1999).</ref> He was faced with allegations of widespread intentional [[vote rigging]]s, organizing political murders in Karachi. His peace with India was considered by many Pakistanis an embarrassing compromise.

[[Gohar Ayub Khan]] also faced criticisms during that time on questions of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his father-in-law, retired Lieutenant General [[Habibullah Khan Khattak]]. One Western commentator in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time at $4 million, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10–20 million.<ref>(Pick April 1969).</ref> Public criticism of Gohar's personal wealth and that of the President increased. All these criticisms harmed President Ayub Khan's image.

=== Mishandling of East Pakistan ===
He is also blamed for not doing enough to tackle the significant economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Whilst he was aware of the acute grievances of East Pakistan, he did try to address the situation. However, the Ayub Khan regime was so highly centralized that, in the absence of democratic institutions, densely populated and politicized East Pakistan province continued to feel it was being slighted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan-THE AYUB KHAN ERA |url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/pakistan/pakistan-the_ayub_khan_era.html |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=Mongabay.com}}</ref>

During his presidency, differences between [[West Pakistan|West]] and [[East Pakistan]] arose to an enormous degree, that ultimately led to the independence of [[Bangladesh]] following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

=== Islamization ===
Historian [[Yasmin Saikia]] argues that the [[Islamization in Pakistan|Islamization]] that is often blamed on [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] has its roots in the policies of Ayub Khan, who injected a "jihadi" rhetoric into the Pakistan Army, his re-writing of Pakistan's history from a purely Islamic viewpoint and his categorization of [[Bengali Muslims]] as being too influenced by [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=Yasmin |title=Ayub Khan and Modern Islam: Transforming Citizens and the Nation in Pakistan |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=3 April 2014 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=292–305 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2014.889590|s2cid=143774121 }}</ref>

=== Weakening of constitutional government ===
On 13 May 2024 [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]] [[Khawaja Asif]] delivered a speech on the floor of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in which Minister Asif stated that Ayub was the first dictator who violated the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] and overthrew a democratically elected government; hence, Ayub was the root cause of all the confusion and chaos which ensued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Dig up Ayub Khan’s body and hang it for constitutional violations: Asif |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2466420/dig-up-ayub-khans-body-and-hang-it-for-constitutional-violations-asif |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Minister Asif supported the demand(s) for Article 6 proceedings against violators of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2024 |title=Ex-dictator Ayub Khan’s body should be exhumed, hanged for Constitution violation |url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087314664-ex-dictator-ayub-khan-s-body-should-be-exhumed-hanged-for-constitution-violation-asif |publisher=Samaa TV}}</ref> Consequently, Minister Asif called for the corpse of dictator Ayub to be dug out of his grave and be hung for the offence of high treason in accordance with Article 6 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Heated NA session as govt, opposition advocate Article 6 from different perspectives |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1833276 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I: "Introductory" |url=https://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.pakistani.org}}</ref>

== Family ==
After his death, his descendants became active in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] in the 1990s until the present; however, these family members have been controversial. His son Gohar was an active member of the conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] and was the [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]] in the [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif ministry]] in the 1990s but was removed due to his controversial and unauthorized statements about India.<ref name="tft-photoarchive" /> His daughter Nasim did not enter politics and married [[Miangul Aurangzeb]], the [[Wali of Swat]].<ref name="tft-photoarchive">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110916&page=30|title=Photo Archive: Ayub Khan visits the US (1961)|work=The Friday Times|date=16 September 2011|access-date=19 September 2011|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925185823/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110916&page=30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His son Shaukat was a successful businessman and had four children: three sons and one daughter. All three sons went into business and politics, with [[Akbar Ayub Khan|Akbar]], [[Arshad Ayub Khan|Arshad]], and Yousaf Ayub Khan becoming successful members of the provincial and national assemblies.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" />

His grandson, [[Omar Ayub Khan|Omar]], served in the [[Shaukat Aziz|Aziz ministry]] as a [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]] in the 2000s but joined the [[PML-N|PML(N)]] in 2010; he was declared ineligible for the [[2013 Pakistani general election|2013 general election]] after allegations of [[vote rigging]] were proved. In 2018, he joined [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]. Another grandson, [[Yousuf Ayub Khan|Yousaf]], who is a party worker of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]], was also declared ineligible for submitting fake documents to the Election Commission.

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=60}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=60}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=60}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=60}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=60}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
| colspan="2" |'''[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]'''
(''Order of Pakistan'')
|
|-
|'''[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
(''Crescent of Courage'')
|'''[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]'''
''(HPk)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
(''[[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
(''Republic Commemoration Medal'')

'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the]]'''
'''[[Order of the British Empire|British Empire]]'''

'''[[Order of the British Empire|(MBE)]]'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit|The Legion of Merit]]'''

'''[[Legion of Merit|(Degree of Chief Commander)]]'''

'''''(US)'''''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]'''
'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945|War Medal]]'''
'''[[War Medal 1939–1945|1939–1945]]'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']]
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II]]'''
'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Coronation Medal]]'''

'''(1953)'''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Order of St Michael and St George]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Distinguished Service Medal.png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the British Empire (MBE)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|US}}'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit|The Legion of Merit (Degree of Chief Commander)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]] 1939–1945'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=60}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=60}}
|-
!{{Flag|THA}}
|[[Order of Rama|'''Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Rama''']]
|[[File:Order of Rama 1st Class ribbon.svg|60x60px]]
|-
!{{Flag|YUG}}
|[[Order of the Yugoslav Great Star]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=14 January 1961 |title=Југословенско-пакистански политички разоговри |url=http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp&#124;issue:UB_00064_19610114&#124;page:2&#124;query:%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5 |journal=Borba |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2}}</ref>
|[[File:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|60x60px]]
|}

== Honours ==

=== National honours ===
* {{flag|Pakistan}}:
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=60}} Recipient of the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] '''(NPk)'''
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=60}} Recipient of the [[Hilal-i-Jur'at|Hilal-e-Jurat]] '''(HJ)'''
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=60}} Recipient of the [[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] '''(HPk)'''

=== Foreign honours ===
* {{flag|British India}}:
** {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=60}} Member of the Most Excellent [[Order of the British Empire]] '''(MBE)'''
* {{flag|Nepal}}:
**[[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Order of Ojaswi Rajanya]]
* {{flag|Indonesia}}:
**[[File:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna rib.svg|60px]] First Class of the [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]] (1960)<ref>{{cite journal |date=December 1960 |title=Dasar-Dasar Persahabatan dan Kerdjasama Indonesia-Pakistan |trans-title=Foundations of the Friendship and Cooperation between Indonesia-Pakistan |language=id |journal=Mimbar Penerangan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmEdAQAAIAAJ | publisher=Departemen Penerangan Republik Indonesia |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=796 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}:
** [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] '''(GCMG)''' (1961)
* {{flag|Malaya}}:
** [[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|60x60px]] Honorary Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] '''(D.M.N.(K))''' (1962)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1962.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1962}}</ref>

== Books ==
Among the books Khan authored or which were based on his speeches, talks and other output, are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4168A/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=[[Open Library]]}}</ref>

=== Authored ===
* ''Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1967.
* ''Ideology and Objectives'', Rawalpindi: Ferozesons, 1968.
* ''Agricultural Revolution in Pakistan'', Karachi: Rana Tractors & Equipment, 1968.

=== Edited by others ===
* ''Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007. <small>Edited by [[Craig Baxter]].</small>
* ''Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan: A Selection of Talks and Interviews, 1964–1967'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010. <small>Edited by Nadia Ghani.</small>

== See also ==
* [[Cold War]]
* [[Ayub National Park]]
* [[Ayub Medical College]]
* [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanism]]
* [[Pakistan–United States relations#Cultural influence|American cultural influence in Pakistan]]

== Notes ==
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Cloughly |first=Brian |chapter=Chapter 2, "Ayub Khan, Adjutant General to President" |title=A History of the Pakistan Army |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Ayub |title=Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |year=1966 |pages=599 |isbn=978-0-19-547442-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Ayub |title=Friends Not Masters |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1967 |pages=290 |isbn=0-19-211178-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Aqil |title=Military and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-134-40758-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA111 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |author-link=Husain Haqqani}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Muhammed Ayub Khan}}
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P017 Ayub Khan Bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824193937/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=145 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045354 Video clip of Ayub Khan in Paris]----use QuickTime Player.
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045361 Video clip of Ayub Khan with General De Gaulle]
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=AFE86000182 Video clip in Rawalpindi]
* {{London Gazette|issue=42035 |date=17 May 1960 |page=3465}} Creation as an [[List of honorary British knights and dames|Honorary Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] on 26 April 1960

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Douglas Gracey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]]|years=1951–1958}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Musa (general)|Muhammad Musa]]}}
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1954–1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Iskander Mirza]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=1958–1969}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Yahya Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]|years=1958–1969}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1958–1966}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Afzal Rahman Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Khan Habibullah Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of the Interior]]|years=1965}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ayub}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindkowan people]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Haripur District]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Punjab Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-communists]]
[[Category:1950s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:Defence ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Field marshals]]
[[Category:Pakistan Cricket Board Presidents and Chairmen]]
[[Category:1960s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]]
[[Category:Pakistani financiers]]
[[Category:Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:Politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani military personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Ayub Khan family|.]]
[[Category:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani people with disabilities]]
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]