Belem Prison

Belem Prison was located in Mexico City, Mexico and operated from 1886 until the early 1930s. The building was originally used by the Church and was confiscated during La Reforma in 1857. The prison was replaced as the main prison by Luccemberri Prison, becoming the equivalent of a county/city jail. Housed many of the well-known criminals who had very public trials.

Architectural and ecclesiastical heritage

The building that would eventually become Belen Prison was commissioned by Padre Domingo Perez de Barcia.^[1] It was built in 1683, and in 1908 was listed as one of the oldest buildings in the city.^[1] This well noted priest of the late 17th century collected the funds necessary to build what would be named Colegio de San Miguel de Belem (Translation: College of St. Michael of Bethlehem).^[1] This building, commonly referred to as Colegio de las Mochas (Translation: College of the Cropped ones), was convent/asylum/hospital for indigent religious women.^[2]

In 1857, during the period known as La Reforma, the property was confiscated by the state.<^[2] In 1886, the building re-opened as Belen Prison.^[2]

Prison History

In 1886, Belen became the main Prison for Mexico City. It was in this year that all prisoner and courts were moved from the municipal palace and took up residence in the former convent.^[3] This building was located in the Southwest area of Mexico City.^[4]

This prison was known throughout the city to be a center of filth and crime. It is suggested that criminals who came in left with a better understanding of how to be a criminal. Pablo Piccato says that if someone was innocent when they entered Belem that they would come out a full-fledged criminal.^[3]

During the Mexican Revolution, the prison was attacked and many of the prisoners set free.^[3]

The prison became more like a county jail, holding only short sentence criminals and those awaiting trial after Leccumberri Prison was opened in 1900.^[1]

The building was eventually torn down, making way for a school to be built.^[5] Many Prison reformers had urged that Belem was the epitome of a broken prison. They explained that the prison was more of a source of entertainment than a place of rehabilitation.

Layout

The building had three floors and a basement. The top floor was reserved for elites/nobles of Mexico City. Garza says in his

book the Imagined Underworld, “once a gentleman, always a gentleman, even in prison”.^[6] This area was called the “Department of Distinction” and offered the elite law breakers the same comforts they would find at home.^[6]

The second and first floors held areas for the women and children who were sentenced to jail time. It is important to note that while they were afforded separate living accommodations, these separations were not enforced.^[6] These floors also held the administrative offices and court rooms.

The basement of Belem was a place that was notorious. In the basement, frequent flooding happened, leaving the inmates to wade through their cells in dangerously contaminated waters.^[5] The two most notorious cells in the basement were named “Hell” and “Purgatory” these were solitary confinement cells and no light entered the cells.

The cells had a single hole in the ground for the prisoners to relieve themselves in, which only compounded the problems of flooding, adding a dangerously disgusting aspect.^[6]

The cells in the basement where reserved for those who had been sentenced to Life incarceration or the death penalty. If a person who had been sentenced to death didn’t die from the conditions in the basement, they would then face a firing squad.

The firing squad would take the inmate to “The Garden” which was a walled in structure on the rear-facing side of the building. The men would place the inmate against the wall and proceed to carry out the death sentence. Shipley explains that the occurrence of the death penalty at the turn of the century became a quit meaningless sentence, and that prisoners no longer feared “The Garden” because it was very likely they could and would get their sentence overturned to a twenty-year sentence.^[7]

Prison Order

The prison had few officials tasked with oversight of the prison. The inmates were in charge of the daily running of the facility. These residents were called “Presidents” and in charge of making sure the functions were carried out.^[6] The few staff that oversaw these “Presidents” were termed “Majors” and left even discipline of the inmates to the “President of Blows”.^[6]

Garza implies that the few officials spent their time in the paquerias in the surrounding area of Belem.^[8]

Prison culture

The inmates at the prison could often be seen sitting on the patio of Belem playing cards.^[6] Proponents for prison reform cited Belem as the epitome of poorly run and thought out prison.^[9] Many of the convicts would leave with a better understanding of how to perpetrate criminal acts than when they entered.^[10] The inmates who were frequent visitors to the prison learned quickly how to manipulate the system.

The inmates were responsible for the creation of slang language that was used in the prison.^[6] Common items were renamed by the inmates so that outsiders would not understand what they were talking about. This language system allowed the prisoners to bring in contraband items such as drugs.^[8] Marijuana was a common drug that many of the convicts used.^[11]

The Prison was also, in Garza's contemporary opinion, "a known hot bed for illicit relations. Like many prisons, the men imprisoned reverted to homosexual relations while incarcerated". Garza explains that these relationships ranged from sex partner to servant.^[6] In the language of the Prison, a gateros was a person who served as domestics to other prisoners, and mula was the word to describe a homosexual man that flaunted his sexuality to the other prisoners.^[6] Belem was a known spot for prostitution as well. The sources are not very clear on this, but it makes it sound as if outsiders would come to the prison to engage the services of women who had been incarcerated.

A series of interviews about homosexuality in the prison were conducted by Carlos Roumagnac between 1903 and 1906.^[12] Roumagnac was one of the leading Prison reform criminologists at the time in Mexico. Roumagnac considered pederasty to be the worst vice morally and wished to understand the connection between social behavior and sexual inclinations.^[12] In his time spent in the Prison he found that relationships in the prison quite closely followed that on society. The strong subjugate the weak, and homosexual relations were a continuation of traditional gender roles behind the prison walls.^[12]

Society and Belem

It is important to note the overall ideas of society at the time. To understand better why the prison was so notorious and so overpopulated, we must look to the society that the people who filled it we drawn from.

Garza's entire book, The Imagined Underworld, focuses on the break in reality between the ruling elite and the lower class. It focuses on the idea that the ruling elite vilified the poor and their actions without understanding what the outside causes were for illegal actions. Exaggeration was a key part in this view and was carried out through media outlets of the period.

The upper class saw two reasons for crimes committed, alcoholism or marijuana drug use.^[6]^[11] The demonization of these two substances allowed the elite to have a solid source of illegal activity, something to blame for the actions of poor men and women that did not include the horrible conditions they were forced to bare because of their economic standings.

Campos explains in his work that Marijuana was prevalent in the Prison and that many of the public believed that their actions were spurred on by the use of marijuana.^[11] An illustration from the local newspaper depicts a violent action by one of the prisoners, explaining in detail that his use of Marijuana had led to madness.^[13] This common thread can be seen throughout the turn of the nineteenth century in Mexican newspapers and public reactions.

While the prison was seen as a vile place, the public could and would still come and view the inhabitants. A common occurrence during the nineteenth century was for those of higher class to come and view executions, tour prisons, and mental asylums. Terry indicates that you can view the prison and tour its facilities, but warns against it in his tour guide.^[14]

Famous inmates

Maria Villa

Prostitute that was sentenced to twenty years in Belem Prison.^[15] The story reads like a melodrama. Maria and another Prostitute were lovers of the same man. The other prostitute publicly humiliated Villa and called into question her honor.

d the two fought many times publicly over the man. The tales ends with Villa killing the other prostitute.^[15] This case was controversial and a hot topic because Villa had used a gun to restore her honor by killing the other prostitute. In the time, women relied on men to restore their honor when it had been called in to question.^[15] Villa had broken the social norms of the time and was punished harshly for her crime.

Villa attempted to defend herself in court and was unsuccessful at playing the victim card to get out of the murder charges.^[15] Her sentence was the harshest given to a woman, judges had never sentenced a woman to death previously, she received twenty years in Belem.^[15]

Eduardo Velazquez

Former Police chief that was a prisoner in Belem, was behind the very controversial death of Arnulfo Arroyo who was beaten to death after an attempt on Diaz’s life.^[16] Velazquez is said to have shot himself in the head while incarcerated, but Garza explains that this was a propagated lie and that the Mexican people did not believe it.^[6]

Jesus Bruno Martinez

Inmate who broke out of Belem Prison. Also helped other inmates learn how to manipulate the system and write letters to judges and the President to receive release from the jail.^[10]

Infectious disease and Belen

The living conditions of Belem were notorious for enabling the spread of infectious diseases. Many of the outbreaks consisted of Typhus.^[17] Belem was a source of many communications between Mexico and the U.S. during its time of operation due to its prevalence of infectious diseases.^[17]

Over population and overall dirty conditions of the prison were the number one source of the spread of Diseases such a Typhus and Influenza.^[18] The other issue is that the people who were incarcerated usually came from the lower classes, whose daily living conditions weren't much better.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Terry (1909), p. 396
^ ^a ^b ^c Garza (2007)
^ ^a ^b ^c Piccato (2001), p. 36
^ Piccato (2001), p. 35
^ ^a ^b Piccato (2001), p. 310
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Garza (2007), p. 36
^ Shipley (1907), p. 187
^ ^a ^b Garza (2007), p. 35
^ Roth (2006)
^ ^a ^b Salvatore, Aguirre & Joseph (2001)
^ ^a ^b ^c Campo (2012)
^ ^a ^b ^c Nesvig (2000)
^ Patrick (1998), p. 49
^ Terry (1909)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Buffington & Piccato (1999)
^ "The Former Head of the Mexican Police, Who Caused the Death of Diaz's Assailant". New York Times. September 25, 1897. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
^ ^a ^b Anonymous (1908)
^ ^a ^b Wilder (1911)

Bibliography

Buffington, Robert; Piccato, Pablo (1999). "Tales of two women: the narrative construal of porfirian reality". The Americas. 55 (3): 391–424. JSTOR 1007648. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Campo, Issac (2012). Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico's War on Drugs. University of North Carolina Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Garza, James Alex (2007). The Imagined Underworld: Sex, Crime, and Vice in Porfirian Mexico City. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Anonymous (1908). "Mexico: report from Mexico City. Outbreak of typhus fever controlled". Public Health Reports. 23 (47): 1702–1740. JSTOR 4562228. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Nesvig, Martin (2000). "The Lure of the Perverse: Moral Negotiation of Pederasty in Porfirian Mexico". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 16 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1525/msem.2000.16.1.03a00010. JSTOR 1052120. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Patrick, Frank (1998). Posada's Broadsheets: Mexican Populare Imagery, 1890–1910. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Piccato, Pablo (2001). City of Suspects: Crime in Mexico City, 1900–1931. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Roth, Mitchel P. (2006). Prisons and Prison Systems: a Global Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Salvatore, Ricardo D.; Aguirre, Carlos; Joseph, Gilbert M. (2001). Crime and Punishment in Latin America: Law and Society since Late Colonial times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Shipley, M. (1907). "Homicide and the Death Penalty in Mexico". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 29 (3): 185–189. doi:10.1177/000271620702900336. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Terry, T. Philip (1909). Terry's Mexico; Handbook for Travellers. City of Mexico: Sonora News. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wilder, Russell M. (1911). "The problem of transmission in typhus fever". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 9 (1): 9–101. doi:10.1093/infdis/9.1.9. JSTOR 30073436. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)