Benzophenone

Benzophenone
Names
	IUPAC name diphenylmethanone
	Other names phenyl ketone; diphenyl ketone; benzoylbenzene
Identifiers
CAS Number	119-61-9 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL90039 ;
ChemSpider	2991 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.943
KEGG	C06354 ;
PubChem CID	3102;
UNII	701M4TTV9O ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0021961 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C13H10O/c14-13(11-7-3-1-4-8-11)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H Key: RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C13H10O/c14-13(11-7-3-1-4-8-11)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H Key: RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYAX;
	SMILES O=C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2;
Properties
Chemical formula	C13H10O
Molar mass	182.217 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Density	1.11 g/cm3, solid
Melting point	47.9 °C
Boiling point	305.4 °C
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Solubility	Benzene, THF, ethanol, propylene glycol
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Harmful (XN)
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 1 0
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Benzophenone is the organic compound with the formula (C₆H₅)₂CO, generally abbreviated Ph₂CO. Benzophenone is a widely used building block in organic chemistry, being the parent diarylketone.

Uses

Benzophenone can be used as a photo initiator in UV-curing applications such as inks, imaging, and clear coatings in the printing industry. Benzophenone prevents ultraviolet (UV) light from damaging scents and colors in products such as perfumes and soaps. It can also be added to the plastic packaging as a UV blocker. Its use allows manufacturers to package the product in clear glass or plastic. Without it, opaque or dark packaging would be required.

Synthesis

Benzophenone can be prepared by the reaction of benzene with carbon tetrachloride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting diphenyldichloromethane,^[1] or by Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with benzoyl chloride in the presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. aluminium chloride) catalyst. The industrial synthesis relies on the copper-catalyzed oxidation of diphenylmethane with air.^[2]

Organic chemistry

Benzophenone is a common photosensitizer in photochemistry. It crosses from the S₁ state into the triplet state with nearly 100% yield. The resulting diradical will abstract a hydrogen atom from a suitable hydrogen donor to form a ketyl radical.

Benzophenone radical anion

Sodium reduces benzophenone to the deeply colored radical anion, diphenylketyl:

Na + Ph₂CO → Na⁺Ph₂CO^·−

This ketyl is used in the purification of hydrocarbon solvents, because it reacts with water and oxygen to give non-volatile products.^[3] The ketyl is soluble in the organic solvent being dried, so it reacts quickly with residual water and oxygen. In comparison, sodium is insoluble, and its heterogeneous reaction is much slower. The ketyl radical generally appears blue or purple, on the solvent.

Commercially significant derivatives

Substituted benzophenones such as oxybenzone and dioxybenzone are used in some sunscreens. The use of benzophenone-derivatives which structurally resemble a strong photosensitizer has been strongly criticized (see sunscreen controversy).^[4]

p,p'-bis(N,N-dimethylamino)benzophenone or Michler's ketone has dimethylamino substituents at each para position.

The high-strength polymers PEEK, polyetherether ketones, are prepared from derivatives of benzophenone.

References

^ Marvel, C. S.; Sperry, W. M. (1941). "Benzophenone". Organic Syntheses{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 1, p. 95.
^ Hardo Siegel, Manfred Eggersdorfer "Ketones" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, 2002 by Wiley-VCH, Wienheim. DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a15_077
^ W. L. F. Armarego and C. Chai (2003). Purification of laboratory chemicals. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750675713. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)
^ Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient". FEBS Letters. 324 (3): 309–313. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G. PMID 8405372.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Notes

Merck Index, 11th edition, 1108.

Gallery

A bottle of benzophenone by Lancaster.
Toluene is refluxed with sodium and benzophenone to produce dry, oxygen-free toluene.
The mixture is still not blue yet indicating that the reaction is not complete.
The intense blue coloration due to the benzophenone ketyl radical shows that the toluene is considered free of air and moisture.
After the toluene has been thoroughly dried by the sodium and benzophenone, it is distilled at atmospheric pressure under a slight positive pressure of nitrogen to prevent contamination by air into the receiving Schlenk flask.
A solvent pot contains dibutyl ether dried over sodium and benzophenone, which gives it its purple color.]]

[1] Marvel, C. S.; Sperry, W. M. (1941). "Benzophenone". Organic Syntheses{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 1, p. 95.

[2] Hardo Siegel, Manfred Eggersdorfer "Ketones" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, 2002 by Wiley-VCH, Wienheim. DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a15_077

[3] W. L. F. Armarego and C. Chai (2003). Purification of laboratory chemicals. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750675713. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)

[Knowland1993-4] Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient". FEBS Letters. 324 (3): 309–313. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G. PMID 8405372.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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