Berga, Thuringia
Berga | |
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 Coat of arms | |
Location of Berga within Greiz district  | |
  Berga  Berga | |
| Coordinates: 50°45′N 12°10′E / 50.750°N 12.167°E | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Greiz |
| Subdivisions | 14 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Steffen Ramsauer |
| Area | |
| • Total | 43.49 km2 (16.79 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 229 m (751 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31)[1] | |
| • Total | 3,218 |
| • Density | 74/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 07980 |
| Dialling codes | 036623 |
| Vehicle registration | GRZ |
| Website | Stadt-Berga.de |
Berga/Elster is a town in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the White Elster river, 14 km southeast of Gera.
History
Within the German Empire (1871-1918), Berga/Elster was part of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Berga Concentration Camp
During World War II, a slave labor camp called "Berga an der Elster"[2] was operated here to dig 17 tunnels for an underground ammunition factory. Workers were supplied by Buchenwald concentration camp and from a POW camp, Stalag IX-B; the latter contravened the provisions of the Third Geneva Convention and the Hague Treaties. Many prisoners died as a result of malnutrition, sickness (including pulmonary disease due to dust inhalation from tunnelling with explosives), and beatings,[3] including 73 American POWs.[4][5] The labor camp formed part of Germany's secret plan to transform, via hydrogenation, brown coal into usable fuel for tanks, planes, and other military machinery. However, the camp's additional purpose was Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("annihilation through labor"), and prisoners were intentionally worked to death under inhumane working and living conditions, and they suffered from starvation as a result. This secondary purpose of extermination was carried out until the war's end, when the prisoners were subjected to a forced death march in order to keep ahead of the advancing allied forces.[5]
POWs were put to work, together with concentration camp inmates, digging 17 tunnels for an underground ammunition factory, some of them 150 feet below ground. As a result of the appalling conditions, malnutrition and cold, as well as beatings, 47 prisoners died.[6] The U.S. military authorities never acknowledged the incident.
On 4 April, the 300 surviving American prisoners were marched out of the camp ahead of approaching American troops. After a 2½-week forced march they were finally liberated. During this march another 36 Americans died.[7]
During an air-raid, while the camp lights were extinguished, Hans Kasten, Joe Littel and Ernst Sinner, escaped from the Berga camp. They were later arrested and taken to Gestapo headquarters. After their identities as POWs were confirmed they were taken to Buchenwald and placed in detention cells. They were freed when KZ Buchenwald was liberated.[8]
Berga was run by a fanatical German national guard sergeant named Erwin Metz, who was responsible for the inhumane conditions and ultimately gave the order to take the prisoners on the death march. When the allied forces closed in on the retreating Germans, Metz deserted his post and attempted to escape by bicycle, fearing the consequences of being captured in possession of the remaining Berga prisoners and having to answer for his war crimes. Still, he was captured days after the prisoners were liberated by American forces, and he was sentenced to death, because he had killed a US POW, Pvt Morton Goldstein (Battery C/590th Field Artillery/106 US Division) on March 14, 1945. However, because of the American political climate and the shifting priorities of the American War Department towards defending Western Europe against the Soviets in the lead-up to the Cold War, many German war criminals' sentences were commuted in exchange for intelligence that the Western allies believed could be used against the Soviets. Thus Metz was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, though in the end he only served nine years before being released back into Germany as a free man.[5]
Personalities
- Hans Bastian I. von Zehmen (1598-1638), Saxon colonel of the Leibregiment, commander of Magdeburg
- Gerhard Schot (1866-1961), geographer and oceanographer, born in the district of Tschirma
See also
References
- ^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden, erfüllenden Gemeinden und Verwaltungsgemeinschaften in Thüringen Gebietsstand: 31.12.2022" (in German). Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik. June 2023.
- ^ "After 63 years, vet learns of brother's death in Nazi slave camp". CNN. 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
- ^ "New photo: Nazis dig up mass grave of U.S. soldiers". CNN. 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
Berga an der Elster was a slave labor camp where 350 U.S. soldiers were beaten, starved, and forced to work in tunnels for the German government. The soldiers were singled out for "looking like Jews", for "sounding like Jews", for having names that "sounded Jewish", or they were dubbed undesirables, according to survivors. More than 100 soldiers perished at the camp or on a forced death march.
- ^ Reich, Walter (2005-05-01). "Yanks in the Holocaust". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ a b c Hitler's G.I. Death Camp (television documentary). National Geographic. 2012.
- ^ Uhl, John (2012). "Berga - Soldiers of Another War : Berga and Beyond". PBS. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/american-pows-at-berga-concentration-camp
- ^ Kasten, J.C.F. "Hans" (2012). "Personal Narrative: Johann Carl Friedrich Kasten IV". Library of Congress : Veterans History Project. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
Further reading
- Flint Whitlock (March 2005). Given Up For Dead - American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga. Basic Books. ISBN 0-8133-4288-0.
-
An American soldier questions a civilian from a nearby town in the Berga-Elster concentration camp.
External links
- "About Berga". PBS.org.
- "Acevedo: WW II vet held in Nazi slave camp breaks silence". CNN.com. 2008.
- "City Website Berga/Elster". stadt-berga.de.
- "District Greiz". landkreis-greiz.de.
- "Pictures: Survivor of Berga 1945". National Geographic Channel.
- "The Lost Soldiers of Stalag IX-B". New York Times Traces.
- "'You don't forget': Medic's Holocaust diary tells story of hell". CNN. October 28, 2010.
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