Bernstein v. United States
| Bernstein I | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | United States District Court for the Northern District of California |
| Full case name | Daniel J. Bernstein et al., v. United States Department of State et al. |
| Decided | April 15, 1996 |
| Citation | 922 F. Supp. 1426 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Marilyn Hall Patel |
| Bernstein II | |
|---|---|
| |
| Court | United States District Court for the Northern District of California |
| Full case name | Daniel J. Bernstein et al., v. United States Department of State et al. |
| Decided | December 9, 1996 |
| Citation | 945 F. Supp. 1279 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Marilyn Hall Patel |
| Bernstein III | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
| Full case name | Daniel J. Bernstein et al., v. United States Department of State et al. |
| Decided | August 25, 1997 |
| Citation | 176 F.3d 1132 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | Hon. Marilyn Hall Patel ruled for plaintiff in 974 F.Supp. 1288 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Betty Binns Fletcher, Myron H. Bright, Thomas G. Nelson |
| Case opinions | |
| Opinion by Fletcher Concurrence by Bright Dissent by Nelson | |
Bernstein v. United States is a set of court cases brought by Daniel J. Bernstein challenging restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States.
The case was first brought in 1995, when Bernstein was a student at University of California, Berkeley, and wanted to publish a paper and associated source code on his Snuffle encryption system. Bernstein was represented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, who hired outside lawyer Cindy Cohn and also obtained pro bono assistance from Lee Tien of Berkeley; M. Edward Ross of the San Francisco law firm of Steefel, Levitt & Weiss; James Wheaton and Elizabeth Pritzker of the First Amendment Project in Oakland; and Robert Corn-Revere, Julia Kogan, and Jeremy Miller of the Washington, DC, law firm of Hogan & Hartson. After four years and one regulatory change, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that software source code was speech protected by the First Amendment and that the government's regulations preventing its publication were unconstitutional.[1] Regarding those regulations, the EFF states:
Years before, the government had placed encryption, a method for scrambling messages so they can only be understood by their intended recipients, on the United States Munitions List, alongside bombs and flamethrowers, as a weapon to be regulated for national security purposes. Companies and individuals exporting items on the munitions list, including software with encryption capabilities, had to obtain prior State Department approval.
— Electronic Frontier Foundation: EFF's History[2]
The government requested en banc review.[3] In Bernstein v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 192 F.3d 1308 (9th Cir. 1999), the Ninth Circuit ordered that this case be reheard by the en banc court, and withdrew the three-judge panel opinion, Bernstein v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir.1999).[4]
The government modified the regulations again, substantially loosening them, and Bernstein, now a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, challenged them again. This time, he chose to represent himself, although he had no formal legal training. On October 15, 2003, almost nine years after Bernstein first brought the case, the judge dismissed it and asked Bernstein to come back when the government made a "concrete threat".[5]
See also
Notes
- ^ Bernstein v. USDOJ (9th Cir. May 6, 1999) Electronic Privacy Information Center
- ^ "EFF's History". EFF's History. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Bernstein, Daniel J. "Summary of the case status". cr.yp.to. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ "192 F. 3d 1308 - Daniel Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice". OpenJurist. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ Bernstein, Daniel J. "Press Release: Crypto Case on indefinite hold". cr.yp.to. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
References
- Bernstein v. United States Dept. of Justice, 192 F.3d 1308 (9th Cir. 1999) (order that case be reheard en banc)
- Bernstein v. DOC, 2004 U.S. Dist. 6672 (N.D. Cal. April 19, 2004)